Estudio de la funcionalidad de los bosques de ribera utilizando como indicador la respuesta de mamíferos silvestres ante diferentes condiciones bioclimáticas en el corredor biológico Montes del Aguacate
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Loría Chaves, Allan Mauricio
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Abstract
Los bosques de ribera debido a su biodiversidad y características bioclimáticas, proveen condiciones óptimas para que se transformen en corredores biológicos naturales. Esta investigación valora su eficacia desde la conectividad estructural y funcional, asociado a las condiciones biofísicas en siete sitios del Corredor Biológico Montes del Aguacate, Alajuela, Costa Rica. En cada sitio se instaló un dispositivo (datalogger) para registrar la temperatura e intensidad de luz, una cámara trampa a nivel de sotobosque, y en tres sitios a nivel de dosel. El muestreo se llevó acabo de junio de 2018 a setiembre de 2019. La temperatura y luminosidad fueron validados según datos de la plataforma Worldclim. Se determinó la probabilidad de detección de mamíferos silvestres terrestres en cuatro periodos: época seca, transición de seca a lluviosa, época lluviosa y transición de lluviosa a seca. Los registros de mamíferos fueron categorizados de acuerdo a la probabilidad de detección y el valor de amenaza para cada especie (spp), la cual incluye talla y nivel de amenaza a nivel regional y nacional, y se elaboró un Índice de amenaza. Mediante el índice de amenaza y las variables climáticas se desarrolló el Índice de Respuesta ante Variables Climáticas (IRVC). Finalmente, por medio de una matriz de confusión y un muestreo estratificado, se validó en campo un total de 100 puntos, los puntos no conformes (23) fueron actualizados por medio de imágenes satelitales de Google 2022. El corredor biológico posee una superficie de 55 220.5 ha, y 7.3 % corresponden a áreas de protección de los cauces según la legislación, pero solo el 71% corresponde a bosque natural y el 29% restante es ocupado por pastos, café y áreas antropizadas, siendo Atenas y Palmares los cantones con la mayor cantidad de superficie antropizada dentro de los bosques de ribera. Los bosques de ribera tuvieron, en promedio, 1.3°C menos que las áreas circundantes, en Los Alpes en Bureal de San Ramón la diferencia alcanzó los 1.9°C menor. Además, la radiación solar interceptada en promedio es de 82.5%, desde el dosel hasta el sotobosque. Al contrastar los valores registrados durante el periodo de muestreo con respecto a los valores históricos, la Ecovilla en San Mateo, El Salvador en San Ramón y Madre Verde en Palmares presentaron temperaturas mayores en el año 2018-2019 que el promedio histórico lo que se infiere que en promedio ha incrementado. En 3920 días de muestreo con cámaras trampa se registraron 22 especies en 676 capturas efectivas. De las spp registradas, el 69% presentaron un patrón de actividad predominantemente nocturno y el 55% de las spp tuvieron mayor probabilidad de detección en la época lluviosa. En sitios con cobertura de la tierra más heterogénea se registraron mayor cantidad de spp con dominancia de especies generalistas. En los sectores con mayor homogeneidad de cobertura se evidenció una menor riqueza, con dominancia de especies en peligro de extinción. Se comprobó que, de acuerdo al nivel de amenaza a escala regional y nacional, Galictis vittata y Tapirus bairdii, fueron las spp con las condiciones menos favorables. Los avistamientos fueron siempre con temperaturas menores que el promedio ambiental registrado en el sitio durante el periodo de muestreo y el valor histórico para el sitio. El grado de amenaza debido a la talla también influyó en el IRVC alto para spp como Leopardus pardalis y Dicotyles tajacu. Se concluye que los bosques de ribera generan múltiples beneficios, entre ellos condiciones climáticas que propician la visitación de mamíferos excavadores, arbóreos, carnívoros, herbívoros, etc. Asimismo, un mejor estado de conservación el bosque de ribera provoca que spp con requerimientos restrictos visiten estos sitios. La integración de datos científicos y técnicos en la gestión de los bosques de ribera potenciaría el desarrollo sostenible por medio de la implementación de estrategias de conservación y restauración basadas en la adaptación al cambio climático.
Riparian forests, due to their biodiversity and bioclimatic characteristics, provide optimal conditions for them to transform into natural biological corridors. This research assesses its effectiveness from structural and functional connectivity, associated with biophysical conditions in seven sites of the Montes del Aguacate Biological Corridor, Alajuela, Costa Rica. At each site, a device (datalogger) was installed to record temperature and light intensity, a camera trap at the understory level, and in three sites at the canopy level. Sampling took place from June 2018 to September 2019. Temperature and luminosity were validated according to data from the Worldclim platform. The probability of detection of wild terrestrial mammals was determined in four periods: dry season, transition from dry to rainy, rainy season and transition from rainy to dry. The mammal records were categorized according to the probability of detection and the threat value for each species (spp), which includes size and threat level at the regional and national level, and a Threat Index was developed. Using the threat index and the climate variables, the Response Index to Climate Variables (IRVC) was developed. Finally, through a confusion matrix and stratified sampling, a total of 100 points were validated in the field, the inconsistent points (23) were updated using satellite images from Google 2022. The biological corridor has an area of 55 220.5 ha, and 7.3% correspond to river protection areas according to legislation, but only 71% corresponds to natural forest and the remaining 29% is occupied by pastures, coffee and anthropized areas, with Atenas and Palmares being the cantons with the greater amount of anthropized surface within the riparian forests. The riparian forests had, on average, 1.3°C less than the surrounding areas, in Los Alpes in Bureal, San Ramón, the difference reached 1.9°C lower. Furthermore, the solar radiation intercepted on average is 82.5%, from the canopy to undergrowth. By contrasting the values recorded during the sampling period with respect to the historical values, Ecovilla in San Mateo, El Salvador in San Ramón and Madre Verde in Palmares presented higher temperatures in the year 2018-2019 than the historical average, which is inferred, the average has increased. In 3920 days of sampling with camera traps, 22 species were recorded in 676 effective captures. Of the spp recorded, 69% presented a predominantly nocturnal activity pattern and 55% of the spp had a greater probability of detection in the rainy season. In sites with more heterogeneous land cover, a greater number of spp were recorded with dominance of generalist species. In the sectors with greater homogeneity of coverage, lower richness was evident, with dominance of endangered species. It was found that, according to the threat level at a regional and national scale, Galictis vittata and Tapirus bairdii were the spp with the least favorable conditions. The sightings were always with temperatures lower than the environmental average recorded at the site during the sampling period and the historical value for the site. The degree of threat due to size also influenced the high IRVC for spp such as Leopardus pardalis and Dicotyles tajacu. It is concluded that riparian forests generate multiple benefits, including climatic conditions that encourage the visitation of burrowing, arboreal, carnivorous, herbivorous mammals, etc. Likewise, a better state of conservation in the riparian forest causes spp with restricted requirements to visit these sites. The integration of scientific and technical data in the management of riparian forests would enhance sustainable development through the implementation of conservation and restoration strategies based on adaptation to climate change.
Riparian forests, due to their biodiversity and bioclimatic characteristics, provide optimal conditions for them to transform into natural biological corridors. This research assesses its effectiveness from structural and functional connectivity, associated with biophysical conditions in seven sites of the Montes del Aguacate Biological Corridor, Alajuela, Costa Rica. At each site, a device (datalogger) was installed to record temperature and light intensity, a camera trap at the understory level, and in three sites at the canopy level. Sampling took place from June 2018 to September 2019. Temperature and luminosity were validated according to data from the Worldclim platform. The probability of detection of wild terrestrial mammals was determined in four periods: dry season, transition from dry to rainy, rainy season and transition from rainy to dry. The mammal records were categorized according to the probability of detection and the threat value for each species (spp), which includes size and threat level at the regional and national level, and a Threat Index was developed. Using the threat index and the climate variables, the Response Index to Climate Variables (IRVC) was developed. Finally, through a confusion matrix and stratified sampling, a total of 100 points were validated in the field, the inconsistent points (23) were updated using satellite images from Google 2022. The biological corridor has an area of 55 220.5 ha, and 7.3% correspond to river protection areas according to legislation, but only 71% corresponds to natural forest and the remaining 29% is occupied by pastures, coffee and anthropized areas, with Atenas and Palmares being the cantons with the greater amount of anthropized surface within the riparian forests. The riparian forests had, on average, 1.3°C less than the surrounding areas, in Los Alpes in Bureal, San Ramón, the difference reached 1.9°C lower. Furthermore, the solar radiation intercepted on average is 82.5%, from the canopy to undergrowth. By contrasting the values recorded during the sampling period with respect to the historical values, Ecovilla in San Mateo, El Salvador in San Ramón and Madre Verde in Palmares presented higher temperatures in the year 2018-2019 than the historical average, which is inferred, the average has increased. In 3920 days of sampling with camera traps, 22 species were recorded in 676 effective captures. Of the spp recorded, 69% presented a predominantly nocturnal activity pattern and 55% of the spp had a greater probability of detection in the rainy season. In sites with more heterogeneous land cover, a greater number of spp were recorded with dominance of generalist species. In the sectors with greater homogeneity of coverage, lower richness was evident, with dominance of endangered species. It was found that, according to the threat level at a regional and national scale, Galictis vittata and Tapirus bairdii were the spp with the least favorable conditions. The sightings were always with temperatures lower than the environmental average recorded at the site during the sampling period and the historical value for the site. The degree of threat due to size also influenced the high IRVC for spp such as Leopardus pardalis and Dicotyles tajacu. It is concluded that riparian forests generate multiple benefits, including climatic conditions that encourage the visitation of burrowing, arboreal, carnivorous, herbivorous mammals, etc. Likewise, a better state of conservation in the riparian forest causes spp with restricted requirements to visit these sites. The integration of scientific and technical data in the management of riparian forests would enhance sustainable development through the implementation of conservation and restoration strategies based on adaptation to climate change.
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Keywords
BOSQUE, CORREDOR BIOLOGICO, HABITAT, MAMMALS, CLIMA, CONSERVACIÓN DE LA NATURALEZA, MONITORING, BOSQUE Y SELVA TROPICALES