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The Impairment of Food Patterns in Venezuela: Preliminary Results from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS) –Venezuelan Chapter
(2017-09) Ramírez Narváez, Guillermo José; Herrera Cuenca, Marianella; Vásquez, Maura; Landaeta Jiménez, Maritza; Hernández Rivas, Pablo Ignacio; Meza, Carmen Rosalía; Kovalskys, Irina; Gómez Salas, Georgina; Fisberg, Mauro
Background
The Venezuelan Study of Nutrition and Health is part of ELANS, a multicenter study conducted in 8 Latin American countries. Venezuela, presented a food shortage situation during 2015. The objective was to identify and analyze the existing food patterns (FP) observed within the population during 2015.
Methodology
Cross sectional study of a representative sample of 1132 subjects. Food and beverages consumption was recorded in two household’s visits using 24 hour recalls. The food and beverages intake was transformed into energy, macronutrients and micronutrients values using the Nutrition Data System for Research version 2013 software. Hotelling T 2 Test was made to identify differences between genders, age groups, and macronutrient groups. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed for obtaining the food patterns and non-parametric tests to identify food patterns by socioeconomic level.
Results
Women average caloric intake was 1749.1 Kcal/day and men 2059 Kcal/day, 85.3% of men are caloric deficient compared to 72.8% women in deficit. Daily intake of macronutrient diminishes significantly at older ages in women (p<0.05). Lambda Wilks analysis shows an effect showing that at older ages lower intakes of fat. PCA showed the existence of five food patterns. FP1 (wealthiest) was reported by 6.1% of the population, FP2 by 17.3%, FP3 by 22.0%, FP4 by 19.2% and FP5 (poorest) by 35.4%. Only FP1 covered the Venezuelan caloric recommendations.
Conclusions
93.9% of Venezuelan population exhibited in 2015 a FP that do not cover the established requirements, further research is recommended to establish whether underreporting can be contributing to this inadequacy.
Una aproximación culturalista y situada para estudiar el miedo de las personas jóvenes
(2025-12-12) Araya Jiménez, Lisbeth; Rizo García, Marta
Este artículo, de naturaleza teórica, problematiza la emoción del miedo, reflexionando sobre el contexto macro y microsocial que opera como caldo de cultivo para dicha emoción. El texto inicia indicando a través de la noción de miedo generalizado (deslocalizado, ominipresente, globalizado) una de sus características actuales, señalando después algunos referentes históricos para pensar el miedo, tal como el abodaje biologicista y la noción de culpa. Se parte de la perspectiva culturalista y de la investigación situada, se incorpora la visión crítica para problematizar las relaciones de poder; se incluye además la dimensión del cuerpo a partir de las propuestas del giro afectivo. Se problematizan tanto las llamadas sociabilidades del miedo desde el binomio confianza/desconfianza, como las lógicas de la felicidad y heróica; luego se discute el miedo como emoción política y de control social (miedo como herramienta, condición, fin y resultado). Se propone además una tipología que las articula según su dimensión vincular o su relación con el contexto, allí se ubican las que denominamos fuentes del miedo, sean estas fuentes naturales, económicas o vinculadas con la salud, entre otras y se piensan los objetos del miedo relacionados directamente con cada una de esas fuentes
The international experience of managers as an antecedent to the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises.
(2005) Sandoval Álvarez, Carlos Alberto; Gama de Medeiros, Fabiana
Purpose: This study aims to determine whether the international experience of the manager influences, directly or indirectly, the degree of internationalization (DI) of Costa Rican small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Originality/value: According to the literature on international entrepreneurship, certain characteristics of the manager can lead to a better commercial performance of their company in international markets, in particular, international experience is considered by many as the crucial factor for internationalization. Despite this, some authors argue that international experience is not a vital factor for the international expansion of companies. It is still unclear how and why such an experience can lead to a greater DI of a company. Its relevance for internationalization is simply implied. Design/methodology/approach: We developed a research model which was empirically tested in a sample of 131 owner-managers of exporting SMEs, applying a structural equation modeling techniques.
Findings: Our results show that the international experience of a manager indirectly impacts the DI of an SME, implying higher levels of proactivity and lower levels of risk perception of international expansion. The proactivity of managers in international markets is the key factor influencing the DI of SMEs. The risk perception of international expansion greatly impacts the levels of managerial proactivity in international markets.
The role of international experience on SMEs’ internationalization
(2025-11-08) Sandoval Álvarez, Carlos Alberto
This study evaluates the mechanism through which managers' international experience impacts the degree of internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The empirical analysis uses a sample of 131 managers of Costa Rican exporting SMEs. The main findings of the proposed structural structure model suggest that the international experience of managers indirectly impacts the degree of internationalization of SMEs. The proactivity of managers in international markets is the key factor influencing the degree of internationalization of SMEs. Risk perceptions associated with the firm's international expansion impact managers’ proactivity levels in international markets.
Modelos de negocios y economía circular: grado de circularidad y adaptaciones en los modelos
(2024-01-19) Sandoval Álvarez, Carlos Alberto; Brenes Araya, Juan Daniel
La transición hacia una economía circular conduce a las empresas a repensar su modelo de negocios. Este estudio exploratorio tiene el propósito profundizar en el tipo de acciones o prácticas que implementan las empresas cuando
adoptan los principios de economía circular, cómo impactan dichas prácticas a sus modelos de negocios y determinar el grado de circularidad que llega a alcanzar un modelo de negocio. Para ello se analizan dos casos de estudio de empresas industriales en transición hacia una economía circular. Los hallazgos de esta investigación sugieren que el tipo de prácticas de circularidad es algo distintivo e idiosincrático para cada tipo de negocio. Además, las prácticas implementadas se concentran e impactan en mayor medida a la red de valor que a la propuesta de valor del modelo de negocio. Por último, el grado circularidad de la red de valor y de la propuesta de valor de un modelo de negocio pueden diferir entre sí y dependen de los objetivos de la empresa, la magnitud y el tipo de prácticas implementadas.