Panorama del cáncer apendicular: revisión crítica de la literatura, análisis de su comportamiento en Costa Rica y evaluación del manejo quirúrgico institucional
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Introducción: El cáncer apendicular es una neoplasia poco frecuente del tracto gastrointestinal, cuya incidencia ha ido en aumento en las últimas décadas, atribuible a mejoras en las técnicas diagnósticas y a un mayor escrutinio histopatológico. A pesar de su rareza, presenta una notable heterogeneidad histológica y clínica que exige un abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico especializado. En Costa Rica, la información disponible sobre esta entidad es limitada y existe incertidumbre respecto a la adecuación del manejo institucional frente a los estándares internacionales. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación con tres ejes metodológicos: (1) una revisión bibliográfica estructurada de literatura científica internacional en PubMed (2020–2024), centrada en el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico del cáncer apendicular; (2) un análisis epidemiológico nacional basado en datos oficiales del Registro Nacional de Tumores (RNT) del Ministerio de Salud para el periodo 2000–2022; y (3) un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal mediante una encuesta estructurada aplicada a 165 cirujanos generales y oncólogos quirúrgicos afiliados a la Asociación Costarricense de Cirugía. Resultados: La revisión bibliográfica evidenció avances significativos en la clasificación, estadiaje y tratamiento del cáncer apendicular, destacando especialmente el uso de cirugía citorreductora e HIPEC en estadios avanzados. El análisis epidemiológico en Costa Rica mostró una incidencia de 3.61 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes, con una alta proporción de casos mal clasificados bajo la categoría “neoplasia maligna sin especificar”. La encuesta reveló una importante variabilidad en la conducta diagnóstica y terapéutica institucional, con limitada disponibilidad y experiencia en técnicas como HIPEC, y ausencia de protocolos formalizados en la mayoría de los centros. Conclusiones: El abordaje del cáncer apendicular en Costa Rica enfrenta múltiples retos relacionados con el subregistro, la heterogeneidad en la atención y la ausencia de lineamientos específicos. Se evidencia la necesidad urgente de establecer protocolos nacionales estandarizados, fortalecer la capacitación del personal médico y promover una mejor codificación y vigilancia epidemiológica. Este estudio sienta las bases para futuras estrategias orientadas a mejorar la atención de esta neoplasia poco frecuente pero clínicamente relevante.
Introduction: Appendiceal cancer is a rare neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract, with an increasing reported incidence in recent decades, largely due to improved diagnostic imaging and more rigorous histopathological examination. Despite its low frequency, it exhibits considerable histological and clinical heterogeneity, demanding a specialized diagnostic and therapeutic approach. In Costa Rica, data on this disease are limited, and the adequacy of current institutional management relative to international standards remains uncertain. Methods: This study was structured around three main methodological components: (1) a structured literature review using PubMed (2020–2024), focused on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for appendiceal cancer; (2) an epidemiological analysis of national data from the Costa Rican National Tumor Registry (2000–2022); and (3) a descriptive cross-sectional observational study based on a structured survey administered to 165 general and surgical oncologists affiliated with the Costa Rican Association of Surgery. Results: The literature review revealed significant advances in the classification, staging, and treatment of appendiceal cancer, particularly regarding cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for advanced disease. National epidemiological data demonstrated a high incidence (3.16 per 100,000 inhabitants), with a high proportion of poorly classified cases under “malignant neoplasm, not otherwise specified.” The survey highlighted substantial variability in diagnostic and therapeutic practices across institutions, limited availability and experience with HIPEC, and a widespread lack of formal clinical protocols. Conclusions: The management of appendiceal cancer in Costa Rica faces multiple challenges, including underreporting, inconsistency in clinical approaches, and absence of national guidelines. There is a clear need to develop standardized institutional protocols, improve medical training, and enhance tumor classification and surveillance systems. This study provides a foundational framework for future strategies aimed at improving care for this rare but clinically significant malignancy.
Introduction: Appendiceal cancer is a rare neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract, with an increasing reported incidence in recent decades, largely due to improved diagnostic imaging and more rigorous histopathological examination. Despite its low frequency, it exhibits considerable histological and clinical heterogeneity, demanding a specialized diagnostic and therapeutic approach. In Costa Rica, data on this disease are limited, and the adequacy of current institutional management relative to international standards remains uncertain. Methods: This study was structured around three main methodological components: (1) a structured literature review using PubMed (2020–2024), focused on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for appendiceal cancer; (2) an epidemiological analysis of national data from the Costa Rican National Tumor Registry (2000–2022); and (3) a descriptive cross-sectional observational study based on a structured survey administered to 165 general and surgical oncologists affiliated with the Costa Rican Association of Surgery. Results: The literature review revealed significant advances in the classification, staging, and treatment of appendiceal cancer, particularly regarding cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for advanced disease. National epidemiological data demonstrated a high incidence (3.16 per 100,000 inhabitants), with a high proportion of poorly classified cases under “malignant neoplasm, not otherwise specified.” The survey highlighted substantial variability in diagnostic and therapeutic practices across institutions, limited availability and experience with HIPEC, and a widespread lack of formal clinical protocols. Conclusions: The management of appendiceal cancer in Costa Rica faces multiple challenges, including underreporting, inconsistency in clinical approaches, and absence of national guidelines. There is a clear need to develop standardized institutional protocols, improve medical training, and enhance tumor classification and surveillance systems. This study provides a foundational framework for future strategies aimed at improving care for this rare but clinically significant malignancy.
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cáncer apendicular, neoplasias mucinosas, epidemiología, Costa Rica, cirugía citorreductora, Registro Nacional de Tumores, appendiceal cancer, mucinous neoplasms, epidemiology, cytoreductive surgery, National Tumor Registry
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