Morphotectonic regions of Costa Rica: A review and updated classification

Abstract

The tectonic and geomorphological dynamics of Costa Rica are primarily driven by the interaction of tectonic plates and erosional and weathering processes that take place in this tropical environment. We focus our study on the history and evolution of the morphotectonic classifications for Costa Rica using geological, morphological, and seismotectonic data. Based on an in-depth review and analysis of previous morphotectonic subdivisions for Costa Rica, a synthesis is proposed in this study. Moreover, we carefully revised the accuracy of boundaries between different morphotectonic units through a detailed evaluation of the adjustment. For this purpose, comparison of geological maps, topography, and in some cases seismic zonation was performed. We first propose a subdivision of major tectonic elements: (1) tectonic plates, (2) the most relevant tectonic-structural elements, and (3) the morphotectonic regions (Arc-Trench sector, Inner-Arc, and Back-Arc). Based on this, we established ten specific morphotectonic units, grouping and encompassing Costa Rica’s main reliefs and geomorphological features. These morphotectonic regions and units were formed primarily due to the interaction between the Cocos and Caribbean plates, and the Panama Microplate, in a subduction tectonic regime. Furthermore, is remarkable that the relief and morphotectonic composition of Costa Rica was originated due to historical interaction and evolution of several geotectonic processes, as well as the formation and modification of major tectonic structures or elements generated by the driving force of plate tectonics.