Correlación entre el síndrome de malperfusión vascular materna y sus hallazgos histopatológicos, con la presentación temprana de preeclampsia y restricción del crecimiento intrauterino, y su asociación al desbalance en marcadores angiogénicos, como una ventana de riesgo cardiovascular materno
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Gonzalez Cerdas, José Pablo
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La preeclampsia constituye uno de los principales problemas de salud pública, y corresponde a la principal causa de mortalidad materna en países en vías de desarrollo. Por su parte la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino se asocia a múltiples complicaciones durante el embarazo y cada vez se sabe más sobre su impacto deletéreo en la salud del feto no solo a corto, sino también a mediano y largo plazo. Cuando estas dos condiciones se presentan de forma temprana (antes de las 32-34 semanas), con estudios histopatológicos recientes, se ha establecido una relación de causalidad en algunas de estas pacientes, con hallazgos patológicos en las placentas, que han sido descritos como Malperfusión vascular materna. Dichos hallazgos arrojan una formación placentaria parcialmente deficiente, que se asocia a una cascada de eventos que termina manifestándose como una preeclampsia en la madre y como una restricción del crecimiento en el feto, con todas las posibles secuelas y morbilidad que esto acarrea para ambos.
Se ha teorizado, que este insulto placentario sostenido, específicamente a nivel del sincitiotrofoblasto, genera un desbalance de marcadores angiogénicos, que tiene relación directa con el establecimiento fisiopatológico de ambas entidades.
Todavía más recientemente, se han ligado la presentación de estos hallazgos patológicos placentarios, y la presentación temprana de preeclampsia y restricción del crecimiento intrauterino, con riesgo mucho mayor de patología cardiovascular materna a corto y mediano plazo, y está directamente relacionándose con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular.
La relación de causalidad, establecida por estudio histopatológico placentario, arroja una alta tasa de recurrencia en embarazos futuros, y algunos hallazgos, específicamente los denominados “vasculopatía decidual”, arrojan información de un posible deterioro materno cardiovascular no anteriormente establecido, o ser la primera manifestación de una condición que perdura en el tiempo. Recientemente las guías de riesgo cardiovascular establecieron el haber presentado preeclampsia con un factor de riesgo independiente para patología cardiovascular. Además, se ha ligado esta condición, con mayor prevalencia de hipertensión, miocardiopatía periparto, infarto, enfermedad cerebrovascular y hallazgos de insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección conservada.
Según lo discutido anteriormente, nos encontramos con un problema que constituye la principal causa de mortalidad materna, y la principal causa de morbilidad neonatal (intrínsecamente asociada a prematuridad), con un vínculo fisiopatológico originado en la placenta y manifestado además por un desbalance de marcadores angiogénicos.
Estas dos condiciones se pueden establecer claramente en nuestros centros de salud, mediante el cumplimiento de los criterios diagnósticos clínicos, además utilizando la medición de los marcadores angiogénicos. De igual forma, contamos con el recurso de análisis histopatológico placentario para descartar hallazgos de malperfusión vascular materna.
La relevancia de realizar esta investigación radica en que desconocemos la incidencia real de esta condición en nuestra población, y en que existe muy poca información de estudios a nivel mundial, no habiendo ninguno a nivel nacional o centroamericano, al tratarse de una condición recientemente estudiada, pero que claramente arroja una asociación directa con recurrencia en embarazos futuros, y con morbilidad cardiovascular a corto y mediano plazo.
Al realizar este estudio podríamos establecer nuestra incidencia local de preeclampsia de aparición temprana, de RCIU de aparición temprana y de hallazgos histopatológicos del síndrome de malperfusión vascular materna en esta población, y así funcionar como una herramienta para un adecuado seguimiento de estas pacientes. De igual forma nos permitirá establecer protocolos de vigilancia temprana, tanto por su asociación con riesgo cardiovascular, como por su alto riesgo de recurrencia y morbilidad materno-fetal en embarazos subsecuentes. Además permite establecer las bases para continuar este estudio en otros centros nacionales, promover el estudio placentario de forma rutinaria como parte de nuestras herramientas de manejo clínico, y dar un adecuado seguimiento cardiovascular materno.
Preeclampsia is one of the main public health problems and is the main cause of maternal mortality in developing countries. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with multiple complications during pregnancy and there is increasing knowledge about its deleterious impact on the health of the fetus, not only in the short term, but also in the medium and long term. When these two conditions occur early (before 32-34 weeks), recent histopathological studies have established a causal relationship in some of these patients, with pathological findings in the placenta, which have been described as maternal vascular malperfusion. These findings show a partially deficient placental formation, which is associated with a cascade of events that ends up manifesting as preeclampsia in the mother and as growth restriction in the fetus, with all the possible sequelae and morbidity that this entails for both. It has been theorized that this sustained placental insult, specifically at the level of the syncytiotrophoblast, generates an imbalance of angiogenic markers, which is directly related to the pathophysiological establishment of both entities. Even more recently, the presentation of these placental pathological findings and the early presentation of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction have been linked to a much higher risk of maternal cardiovascular pathology in the short and medium term, and is directly related to greater cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The causal relationship, established by histopathological study of the placenta, shows a high rate of recurrence in future pregnancies, and some findings, specifically those called “decidual vasculopathy”, provide information on a possible previously unestablished maternal cardiovascular deterioration, or may be the first manifestation of a condition that persists over time. Recently, cardiovascular risk guidelines established the presence of preeclampsia as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular pathology. In addition, this condition has been linked to a higher prevalence of hypertension, peripartum cardiomyopathy, infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and findings of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. As discussed above, we are faced with a problem that constitutes the main cause of maternal mortality, and the main cause of neonatal morbidity (intrinsically associated with prematurity), with a pathophysiological link originating in the placenta and also manifested by an imbalance of angiogenic markers. These two conditions can be clearly established in our health centers, by fulfilling the clinical diagnostic criteria, in addition to using the measurement of angiogenic markers. Likewise, we have the resource of placental histopathological analysis to rule out findings of maternal vascular malperfusion. The relevance of carrying out this research lies in the fact that we do not know the real incidence of this condition in our population, and that there is very little information from studies worldwide, with none at the national or Central American level, as it is a recently studied condition, but which clearly shows a direct association with recurrence in future pregnancies, and with cardiovascular morbidity in the short and medium term. By carrying out this study we could establish our local incidence of early-onset preeclampsia, early-onset IUGR and histopathological findings of maternal vascular malperfusion syndrome in this population, and thus function as a tool for adequate follow-up of these patients. It will also allow us to establish early surveillance protocols, both for its association with cardiovascular risk, and for its high risk of recurrence and maternal-fetal morbidity in subsequent pregnancies. It also allows us to establish the bases to continue this study in other national centers, promote routine placental study as part of our clinical management tools, and provide adequate maternal cardiovascular follow-up.
Preeclampsia is one of the main public health problems and is the main cause of maternal mortality in developing countries. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with multiple complications during pregnancy and there is increasing knowledge about its deleterious impact on the health of the fetus, not only in the short term, but also in the medium and long term. When these two conditions occur early (before 32-34 weeks), recent histopathological studies have established a causal relationship in some of these patients, with pathological findings in the placenta, which have been described as maternal vascular malperfusion. These findings show a partially deficient placental formation, which is associated with a cascade of events that ends up manifesting as preeclampsia in the mother and as growth restriction in the fetus, with all the possible sequelae and morbidity that this entails for both. It has been theorized that this sustained placental insult, specifically at the level of the syncytiotrophoblast, generates an imbalance of angiogenic markers, which is directly related to the pathophysiological establishment of both entities. Even more recently, the presentation of these placental pathological findings and the early presentation of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction have been linked to a much higher risk of maternal cardiovascular pathology in the short and medium term, and is directly related to greater cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The causal relationship, established by histopathological study of the placenta, shows a high rate of recurrence in future pregnancies, and some findings, specifically those called “decidual vasculopathy”, provide information on a possible previously unestablished maternal cardiovascular deterioration, or may be the first manifestation of a condition that persists over time. Recently, cardiovascular risk guidelines established the presence of preeclampsia as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular pathology. In addition, this condition has been linked to a higher prevalence of hypertension, peripartum cardiomyopathy, infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and findings of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. As discussed above, we are faced with a problem that constitutes the main cause of maternal mortality, and the main cause of neonatal morbidity (intrinsically associated with prematurity), with a pathophysiological link originating in the placenta and also manifested by an imbalance of angiogenic markers. These two conditions can be clearly established in our health centers, by fulfilling the clinical diagnostic criteria, in addition to using the measurement of angiogenic markers. Likewise, we have the resource of placental histopathological analysis to rule out findings of maternal vascular malperfusion. The relevance of carrying out this research lies in the fact that we do not know the real incidence of this condition in our population, and that there is very little information from studies worldwide, with none at the national or Central American level, as it is a recently studied condition, but which clearly shows a direct association with recurrence in future pregnancies, and with cardiovascular morbidity in the short and medium term. By carrying out this study we could establish our local incidence of early-onset preeclampsia, early-onset IUGR and histopathological findings of maternal vascular malperfusion syndrome in this population, and thus function as a tool for adequate follow-up of these patients. It will also allow us to establish early surveillance protocols, both for its association with cardiovascular risk, and for its high risk of recurrence and maternal-fetal morbidity in subsequent pregnancies. It also allows us to establish the bases to continue this study in other national centers, promote routine placental study as part of our clinical management tools, and provide adequate maternal cardiovascular follow-up.
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