Plan de cuidados a usuarios en etapa postoperatoria en un Hospital Público: Estudio de caso
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Murillo Vindas, Yanin Andrea
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Abstract
Introducción: La Enfermería es la ciencia que se encarga de brindar cuidados con
discernimiento competente en la planificación de estos; y su naturaleza procura, bajo una
óptica humanista, ayudar a las personas a fortalecer sus capacidades o bien minimizar
alteraciones en su estado de salud. Esto es posible a través del Proceso de Enfermería (PE),
cuyo método científico permite la resolución de problemas y una mejor toma de decisiones.
Justificación: Se evidencia la importancia de la aplicación del PE en el desarrollo de modelos
de cuidados que permiten una conceptualización fundamentada de la Enfermería para definir
su naturaleza, misión y objetivos, centrando el pensamiento y actuación desde un determinado
marco conceptual; este debe ser primordial en la atención que se brinda en el postoperatorio,
ya que el personal de enfermería es el primer contacto con el usuario y la relación que se logre
obtener suele definir la satisfacción, tranquilidad y confort de la persona, lo que permite un
mayor involucramiento en los procesos asistenciales, y así ser figuras claves en la seguridad
y calidad del cuidado, como en la reducción de resultados adversos. Objetivo: Desarrollar un
plan de cuidados a un usuario en etapa postoperatoria en un estudio de caso, en un Hospital
Público. Marco Referencial: La pluralidad de los estudios demuestra que la atención de
calidad basada en evidencia cumple con los objetivos y facilita el desarrollo de los cuidados
de Enfermería mediante el uso de planes de cuidados estandarizados y la taxonomía NNN lo
que contribuye a la pronta recuperación y una óptima evolución postoperatoria. Marco
Metodológico: Este trabajo se desenvuelve por medio de la modalidad de estudio de caso;
conforme al quehacer diario de Enfermería, se elige el PE como el principal método de análisis
y se construye el plan a realizar dentro del lenguaje Taxonómico NANDA-I, NIC y NOC.
Resultados: La principal necesidad de cuidado con dependencia fue la relacionada a déficit
de autocuidado, el principal diagnostico NANDA fue el 00085: Deterioro de la movilidad
física relacionado con disminución del control muscular manifestado por las alteraciones en
la integridad de las estructuras óseas. En este diagnóstico no es posible llegar a una resolución
a corto plazo, por lo cual se lleva a cabo mediante la resolución de los daños colaterales, lo
cuales se ven reflejados en los planes de cuidados secundarios 00109: Déficit de autocuidado:
vestido relacionado con Disconfort manifestado por dificultad para ponerse la ropa en la parte
5 inferior del cuerpo. Y el 00108: Déficit de autocuidado: baño relacionado con deterioro de
la movilidad física manifestado por dificultad para acceder al baño. Y un diagnóstico
prioritario en el postoperatorio inmediato: 00132: Dolor agudo relacionado con lesiones por
agentes físicos manifestado por la verbalización acerca de la intensidad utilizando escalas
estandarizadas de dolor; acompañado con sus respectivos resultados (NOC), e intervenciones
(NIC). Discusión: En este caso el principal problema en el postoperatorio es el deterioro de
la movilidad física lo cual causa un impacto a nivel fisiológico, emocional, físico, familiar y
social en la vida del usuario; su éxito está sujeto a un PE que facilite un adecuado y ameno
contacto entre el enfermero y el usuario que permita inferir en la adopción de un esquema
lógico de accionar dirigido a la realización de acciones reflexivas y orientadas hacia un
objetivo. Conclusión: El imprescindible uso del PE en usuarios postoperatorios, debe ser
estandarizado mediante el lenguaje taxonómico, y debe de ejecutarse desde la individualidad
de la persona; de esta manera el individuo puede incorporarse de la mejor forma posible a su
habitualidad, deseablemente acompañado por personal especializado en enfermería
quirúrgica.
Introduction: Nursing is the science that oversees providing care with competent discernment in its planning; and its nature seeks, from a humanistic point of view, to help people to strengthen their capacities or to minimize alterations in their state of health. This is possible through the Nursing Process (NP), whose scientific method allows problem solving and better decision making. Justification: The importance of the application of PE in the development of care models that allow a well-founded conceptualization of Nursing to define its nature, mission and objectives is evident, focusing thought and action from a certain conceptual framework; This must be paramount in the care provided in the postoperative period, since we are the first contact in this environment with the user and the relationship that is achieved usually defines the satisfaction, tranquility and comfort of the person, which allows a Greater involvement in care processes, but also to be key figures in the safety and quality of care, as well as the reduction of adverse results. Objective: Develop a care plan for a user in the postoperative stage in a case study, in a Public Hospital. Referential Framework: The plurality of studies demonstrates that evidence-based quality care meets the objectives and facilitates the development of Nursing care through the use of standardized care plans and the NNN taxonomy, which contributes to prompt recovery and an optimal postoperative evolution. Methodological Framework: This work is carried out through the case study modality; According to the daily work of Nursing, the EP is chosen as the main method of analysis and the plan to be carried out is built within the NANDA-I, NIC and NOC Taxonomic language. Results: The main need for dependent care was related to self-care deficit, the main NANDA diagnosis was 00085: Impaired physical mobility related to decreased muscle control manifested by alterations in the integrity of bone structures. In this diagnosis, it is not possible to reach a short-term resolution, which is why it is carried out by resolving collateral damage, which is reflected in the secondary care plans 00109: Self-care deficit: clothing related to discomfort manifested by difficulty putting on clothes on the lower part of the body. And 00108: Self-care deficit: bathroom related to impaired physical mobility manifested by difficulty in accessing the bathroom. And a priority diagnosis in the immediate postoperative period: 00132: Acute pain related to injuries by physical agents manifested by verbalization about the intensity using standardized pain scales; accompanied 7 with their respective results (NOC), and interventions (NIC). Discussion: In this case, the main problem in the postoperative period is the deterioration of physical mobility, which causes a physiological, emotional, physical, family and social impact on the life of the user; Its success is subject to an EP that facilitates an adequate and pleasant contact between the nurse and the user that allows inferring the adoption of a logical scheme of action aimed at carrying out reflexive and goal-oriented actions. Conclusion: The essential use of PE in postoperative users, this must be standardized through taxonomic language, but it must be carried out from the individuality of the person; In this way, the individual can join his routine in the best possible way, preferably accompanied by personnel specialized in surgical nursing.
Introduction: Nursing is the science that oversees providing care with competent discernment in its planning; and its nature seeks, from a humanistic point of view, to help people to strengthen their capacities or to minimize alterations in their state of health. This is possible through the Nursing Process (NP), whose scientific method allows problem solving and better decision making. Justification: The importance of the application of PE in the development of care models that allow a well-founded conceptualization of Nursing to define its nature, mission and objectives is evident, focusing thought and action from a certain conceptual framework; This must be paramount in the care provided in the postoperative period, since we are the first contact in this environment with the user and the relationship that is achieved usually defines the satisfaction, tranquility and comfort of the person, which allows a Greater involvement in care processes, but also to be key figures in the safety and quality of care, as well as the reduction of adverse results. Objective: Develop a care plan for a user in the postoperative stage in a case study, in a Public Hospital. Referential Framework: The plurality of studies demonstrates that evidence-based quality care meets the objectives and facilitates the development of Nursing care through the use of standardized care plans and the NNN taxonomy, which contributes to prompt recovery and an optimal postoperative evolution. Methodological Framework: This work is carried out through the case study modality; According to the daily work of Nursing, the EP is chosen as the main method of analysis and the plan to be carried out is built within the NANDA-I, NIC and NOC Taxonomic language. Results: The main need for dependent care was related to self-care deficit, the main NANDA diagnosis was 00085: Impaired physical mobility related to decreased muscle control manifested by alterations in the integrity of bone structures. In this diagnosis, it is not possible to reach a short-term resolution, which is why it is carried out by resolving collateral damage, which is reflected in the secondary care plans 00109: Self-care deficit: clothing related to discomfort manifested by difficulty putting on clothes on the lower part of the body. And 00108: Self-care deficit: bathroom related to impaired physical mobility manifested by difficulty in accessing the bathroom. And a priority diagnosis in the immediate postoperative period: 00132: Acute pain related to injuries by physical agents manifested by verbalization about the intensity using standardized pain scales; accompanied 7 with their respective results (NOC), and interventions (NIC). Discussion: In this case, the main problem in the postoperative period is the deterioration of physical mobility, which causes a physiological, emotional, physical, family and social impact on the life of the user; Its success is subject to an EP that facilitates an adequate and pleasant contact between the nurse and the user that allows inferring the adoption of a logical scheme of action aimed at carrying out reflexive and goal-oriented actions. Conclusion: The essential use of PE in postoperative users, this must be standardized through taxonomic language, but it must be carried out from the individuality of the person; In this way, the individual can join his routine in the best possible way, preferably accompanied by personnel specialized in surgical nursing.
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Keywords
PERSONAL PARAMÉDICO, PLAN DE CUIDADO, REHABILITACIÓN MÉDICA, CIRUGÍA, ESTUDIO DE CASO, HOSPITAL