Efectividad de los bloqueos regionales de la vía aérea guiados con ultrasonido para intubación en paciente despierto
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Abstract
La intubación endotraqueal en paciente despierto es fundamental en el manejo de la vía aérea difícil, ya que preserva la ventilación espontánea, permite la cooperación del paciente, y aumenta la seguridad del procedimiento. Para lograr esto, se requiere anestesia local eficaz; tradicionalmente se emplea lidocaína tópica con sedación mínima. Los bloqueos regionales de la vía aérea (bloqueos de nervios glosofaríngeo, laríngeo superior y laríngeo recurrente transtraqueal) proporcionan una anestesia más completa de la mucosa, facilitando la intubación con mejor tolerancia. La guía por ultrasonido en estos bloqueos mejora la precisión y seguridad al visualizar directamente la difusión del anestésico en los planos requeridos, además de evitar punciones vasculares. El objetivo fue evaluar la efectividad de los bloqueos regionales de la vía aérea guiados por ultrasonido para la intubación despierta, mediante una revisión de la literatura disponible (ensayos aleatorizados y metaanálisis) comparando esta técnica con la anestesia tópica convencional.
Los resultados evidencian que los bloqueos regionales guiados por ultrasonido mejoran significativamente la intubación despierta. Un metaanálisis de 14 estudios (n=658) demostró que los bloqueos reducen el tiempo de intubación (SMD -2,57; p<0,00001) y las complicaciones totales, además de disminuir los reflejos tusígenos (RR ~0,35) y mejorar la satisfacción del paciente (Zheng et al, 2023). Además, la IPD se ha asociado con una reducción significativa de eventos adversos en pacientes críticos, especialmente inestabilidad hemodinámica y desaturación, lo que respalda su incorporación como estrategia preventiva y enfatiza la importancia del control fisiológico en pacientes con vía aérea difícil (Kriege et al., 2023).
En conclusión, los bloqueos regionales de la vía aérea guiados por ultrasonido son altamente efectivos para la intubación en paciente despierto, al ofrecer una anestesia más completa que la tópica. Esto permite realizar el procedimiento de manera más rápida, con mayor seguridad y garantizando la comodidad del paciente, consolidándose como la estrategia de elección en el manejo de la vía aérea difícil prevista.
Awake endotracheal intubation is essential in the management of the difficult airway, as it preserves spontaneous ventilation, allows patient cooperation, and increases procedural safety. Achieving this requires effective local anesthesia; traditionally, topical lidocaine with minimal sedation has been used. Regional airway blocks (targeting the glossopharyngeal, superior laryngeal, and recurrent laryngeal nerves via transtracheal approach) provide more complete mucosal anesthesia, facilitating intubation with better tolerance. Ultrasound guidance in these blocks improves accuracy and safety by directly visualizing anesthetic spread in the intended planes and avoiding vascular punctures. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided regional airway blocks for awake intubation through a review of the available literature (randomized trials and meta-analyses), comparing this technique with conventional topical anesthesia. Results show that ultrasound-guided regional blocks significantly improve awake intubation outcomes. A meta-analysis of 14 studies (n = 658) showed that airway nerve blocks reduce intubation time (SMD −2.57; p < 0.00001) and overall complications, in addition to decreasing cough reflexes (RR ≈ 0.35) and improving patient satisfaction (Zheng et al., 2023). Furthermore, awake tracheal intubation has been associated with a significant reduction in adverse events in critically ill patients, particularly hemodynamic instability and desaturation, which supports its incorporation as a preventive strategy and highlights the importance of physiological control in patients with a difficult airway (Kriege et al., 2023). In conclusion, ultrasound-guided regional airway blocks are highly effective for awake intubation, providing more complete anesthesia than topical techniques. This allows the procedure to be performed more rapidly, safely, and comfortably for the patient, establishing these blocks as the strategy of choice in anticipated difficult airway management.
Awake endotracheal intubation is essential in the management of the difficult airway, as it preserves spontaneous ventilation, allows patient cooperation, and increases procedural safety. Achieving this requires effective local anesthesia; traditionally, topical lidocaine with minimal sedation has been used. Regional airway blocks (targeting the glossopharyngeal, superior laryngeal, and recurrent laryngeal nerves via transtracheal approach) provide more complete mucosal anesthesia, facilitating intubation with better tolerance. Ultrasound guidance in these blocks improves accuracy and safety by directly visualizing anesthetic spread in the intended planes and avoiding vascular punctures. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided regional airway blocks for awake intubation through a review of the available literature (randomized trials and meta-analyses), comparing this technique with conventional topical anesthesia. Results show that ultrasound-guided regional blocks significantly improve awake intubation outcomes. A meta-analysis of 14 studies (n = 658) showed that airway nerve blocks reduce intubation time (SMD −2.57; p < 0.00001) and overall complications, in addition to decreasing cough reflexes (RR ≈ 0.35) and improving patient satisfaction (Zheng et al., 2023). Furthermore, awake tracheal intubation has been associated with a significant reduction in adverse events in critically ill patients, particularly hemodynamic instability and desaturation, which supports its incorporation as a preventive strategy and highlights the importance of physiological control in patients with a difficult airway (Kriege et al., 2023). In conclusion, ultrasound-guided regional airway blocks are highly effective for awake intubation, providing more complete anesthesia than topical techniques. This allows the procedure to be performed more rapidly, safely, and comfortably for the patient, establishing these blocks as the strategy of choice in anticipated difficult airway management.
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Intubación paciente despierto, Bloqueos regionales ecoguiados vía aérea, Anestesia regional, Tratamiento médico, Tecnología médica