Manejo y optimización perioperatorio en insuficiencia cardíaca
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Dévila Martínez, Hernén José
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Abstract
La insuficiencia cardíaca es una condición compleja originada a partir de un insulto inicial que reduce el gasto cardíaco, asimismo, activa mecanismos compensatorios que, aunque inicialmente beneficiosos, eventualmente se vuelven maladaptativos. Otros factores predisponentes incluyen enfermedades valvulares, taquiarritmias, hipertensión crónica e isquemia por enfermedad coronaria, entre otros.
Por ende, el remodelado cardíaco es un proceso clave en la progresión de la IC, caracterizado por cambios en la estructura y función del corazón, así como por la muerte de cardiomiocitos. Este proceso se inicia con un daño celular que provoca reexpresión de genes fetales y alteraciones en la función ventricular, consecuentemente, lleva a la aparición de síntomas de IC.
Por otra parte, se identifican diversos mecanismos que contribuyen a la muerte celular, tales como apoptosis, necrosis y autofagia, en particular, la piroptosis ha sido un mecanismo reciente de interés. El estrés oxidativo generado por especies reactivas de oxígeno también juega un papel crucial en el remodelado cardíaco, pues afecta el metabolismo energético y causa daño celular.
Sin duda, la evaluación preoperatoria para pacientes con IC debe ser exhaustiva, ya que el riesgo de mortalidad perioperatoria es incrementado en aquellos con disfunción cardíaca. Modelos como el Índice de Riesgo Cardíaco Revisado (RCRI) son utilizados para estratificar el riesgo y se recomienda el uso de marcadores como BNP y troponinas para evaluar el riesgo de complicaciones perioperatorias.
Con respecto al manejo farmacológico de la IC este incluye inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA), betabloqueadores y antagonistas de mineralocorticoides, los cuales han demostrado la reducción de la mortalidad y de la morbilidad. Sin embargo, su uso perioperatorio puede ser controvertido, especialmente en relación con la hipotensión inducida por anestesia. Los diuréticos son fundamentales para el manejo de la sobrecarga de volumen y se debe tener cuidado con su dosificación para evitar complicaciones renales.
Este enfoque integral hacia la comprensión y manejo de la insuficiencia cardíaca permite la optimización del tratamiento y la mejoría de los resultados clínicos en los pacientes afectados.
Heart failure (HF) is a complex condition that arises from an initial insult that reduces cardiac output, activating compensatory mechanisms that, although initially beneficial, eventually become maladaptive. Predisposing factors include valvular diseases, tachyarrhythmias, chronic hypertension, and ischemia due to coronary artery disease, among others. Cardiac remodeling is a key process in the progression of HF, characterized by changes in the structure and function of the heart, as well as the death of cardiomyocytes. This process begins with cellular damage that triggers the reexpression of fetal genes and alterations in ventricular function, leading to the onset of HF symptoms. Various mechanisms contributing to cell death have been identified, including apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, with pyroptosis being a recent area of interest. Oxidative stress, generated by reactive oxygen species, also plays a crucial role in cardiac remodeling, affecting energy metabolism and causing cellular damage. Preoperative evaluation for patients with HF should be comprehensive, as the risk of perioperative mortality is increased in those with cardiac dysfunction. Models such as the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) are used to stratify risk, and the use of biomarkers such as BNP and troponins is recommended to assess the risk of perioperative complications. The pharmacological management of HF includes angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, and mineralocorticoid antagonists, which have been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity. However, their perioperative use can be controversial, especially concerning anesthesia-induced hypotension. Diuretics are essential for managing volume overload, and care must be taken with their dosing to avoid renal complications. This comprehensive approach to understanding and managing heart failure allows for the optimization of treatment and improvement of clinical outcomes in affected patients.
Heart failure (HF) is a complex condition that arises from an initial insult that reduces cardiac output, activating compensatory mechanisms that, although initially beneficial, eventually become maladaptive. Predisposing factors include valvular diseases, tachyarrhythmias, chronic hypertension, and ischemia due to coronary artery disease, among others. Cardiac remodeling is a key process in the progression of HF, characterized by changes in the structure and function of the heart, as well as the death of cardiomyocytes. This process begins with cellular damage that triggers the reexpression of fetal genes and alterations in ventricular function, leading to the onset of HF symptoms. Various mechanisms contributing to cell death have been identified, including apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, with pyroptosis being a recent area of interest. Oxidative stress, generated by reactive oxygen species, also plays a crucial role in cardiac remodeling, affecting energy metabolism and causing cellular damage. Preoperative evaluation for patients with HF should be comprehensive, as the risk of perioperative mortality is increased in those with cardiac dysfunction. Models such as the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) are used to stratify risk, and the use of biomarkers such as BNP and troponins is recommended to assess the risk of perioperative complications. The pharmacological management of HF includes angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, and mineralocorticoid antagonists, which have been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity. However, their perioperative use can be controversial, especially concerning anesthesia-induced hypotension. Diuretics are essential for managing volume overload, and care must be taken with their dosing to avoid renal complications. This comprehensive approach to understanding and managing heart failure allows for the optimization of treatment and improvement of clinical outcomes in affected patients.
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Keywords
perioperatorio, Betabloqueadores, antagonistas de mineralocorticoides, angiografia, fracción de eyección, troponina, diuretico, tratamiento médico, falla cardiaca, insuficiencia cardiaca