Programa de educación para la salud dirigido a padres, madres y/o cuidadores de usuarios pediátricos con diagnóstico reciente de leucemia linfoblástica aguga, en una ONG Costarricense
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Chevez Lozano, Mario Andrés
Gamboa Elizondo, Rosangela Abigail
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Introducción: El cáncer infantil es un problema de salud pública, provoca un gran impacto en el ámbito económico y social. Es considerado una de las principales causas de muerte, en este grupo poblacional destacando la leucemia. El cáncer pediátrico no solo afecta al niño(a), sino que tiene repercusiones en su núcleo familiar, principalmente en el padre, madre o cuidador principal. Conocer más esta enfermedad, sus causas, tratamiento y sobre todo, saber más cosas con las que poder ayudar a su niño(a) a enfrentarse a este proceso serán muy necesarios para combatir la enfermedad. Objetivo: Elaborar un programa de educación para la salud para padres, madres y/o cuidadores de usuarios pediátricos con diagnóstico reciente de leucemia linfoblástica aguda en el ALCCI. Modalidad: El programa fue realizado en modalidad proyecto, en el ALCCI, constando de tres etapas, donde en la fase de diseño se llevó a cabo el acercamiento con la institución, se dio a conocer la finalidad del proyecto y la búsqueda de beneficencia de los participantes. Ésta etapa incluye el diagnóstico, donde se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada basada en el modelo de Promoción de la salud de Nola Pender, la cual fue validada por expertos, en dicho diagnóstico participaron 11 cuidadores, con la finalidad de recaudar experiencias previas, así como necesidades educativas, en la etapa de implementación se creó un manual de educación para la salud basado en las necesidades educativas encontradas en la etapa de diagnóstico, guiada por los cuidadores, y se elaboró una matriz de planificación educativa para desarrollar el proyecto de manera presencial, el cual se implementó en 2 fases, una presencial participativa y otra con la entrega del manual autodirigido. Por último, en la etapa de evaluación se llevaron a cabo 2 evaluaciones, la primera para verificar conocimientos previos y post de los cuidadores en base a la información brindada y la segunda para establecer el nivel de conformidad del manual educativo autodirigido. Todo lo anterior respetando los principios éticos. Resultados: El modelo de promoción de la salud de Nola Pender ayuda a comprender que es positivo contar con buena aceptación por parte de los participantes como en este caso, pero a su vez habrán otros factores de tipo experiencias previas, aspectos sociales, cognitivos, psicológicos o situacionales que influyen de manera positiva o negativa para poder alcanzar un compromiso o una conducta promotora de salud. Lo que ayuda al profesional de enfermería para la comprensión y explicación de realidades humanas, realizando intervenciones que los lleven a encontrar una conducta promotora de salud. Conclusiones: Este programa evidenció una buena percepción ante un material educativo adaptado a las necesidades educativas de los cuidadores, así como a su capacidad de tiempo, debido a las características de su situación como cuidadores. Asimismo, en los cuidadores al recibir un diagnóstico de tal magnitud tiene menos absorción de información por el impacto general, por lo cual un material educativo que respondan las principales dudas es de valor para que sea consultada en el hogar. Por otra parte, los cuidadores tienen una buena disposición a las distintas actividades que perciben beneficiosos para el cuidado del niño(a) con LLA, pero por tiempo y lugar de residencia tienen poca disponibilidad a actividades presenciales. Por último, los cuidadores encontraron en el manual autodirigido una opción de confianza que piensan revisar en sus hogares así como recomendar a otros cuidadores en su misma situación.
Introduction: Childhood cancer is a significant public health issue that has a profound impact on both the economic and social spheres. It is considered one of the leading causes of death in this population, with leukemia being particularly prevalent. Pediatric cancer not only affects the child but also has repercussions on the immediate family, primarily the father, mother, or primary caregiver. A deeper understanding of this disease, its causes, treatment options, and most importantly, acquiring the knowledge to effectively support a child in facing this journey is crucial in the fight against cancer. Objective: To develop a health education program for parents and/or caregivers of pediatric patients recently diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at ALCCI. Methodology: The program was implemented as a project-based modality at ALCCI, consisting of three stages. During the design phase, an approach was made to the institution to communicate the purpose of the project and the participants’ benefit. This stage includes the diagnosis phase, where a semi-structured interview based on Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model, validated by experts, was conducted. Eleven caregivers participated in this diagnosis to gather previous experiences and educational needs. In the implementation stage, a health education manual was created based on the educational needs identified in the diagnosis stage, guided by the caregivers, and an educational planning matrix was developed to implement the project in person. This was implemented in two phases: a participatory in-person phase and another with the delivery of a self-directed manual. Finally, in the evaluation stage, two evaluations were carried out: the first to verify the caregivers' prior and post knowledge based on the information provided, and the second to establish the level of satisfaction with the self-directed educational manual. All of the above was carried out while respecting ethical principles. Results: Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model helps us understand that having good acceptance from participants, as in this case, is positive. However, there will be other factors such as previous experiences, social, cognitive, psychological, or situational aspects that positively or negatively influence the ability to achieve a commitment or health-promoting behavior. This helps nursing professionals understand and explain human realities, implementing interventions that lead them to find health-promoting behavior. Conclusions: This program showed a good perception of an educational material adapted to the educational needs of caregivers, as well as their available time, due to the characteristics of their situation as caregivers. Likewise, caregivers who receive such a significant diagnosis have less information absorption due to the overall impact, which is why an educational material that answers the main questions is valuable for home consultation. On the other hand, caregivers have a good disposition towards different activities that they perceive as beneficial for the care of a child with ALL, but due to time constraints and place of residence, they have limited availability for in-person activities. Finally, caregivers found the self-directed manual to be a reliable option that they plan to review at home and recommend to other caregivers in the same situation.
Introduction: Childhood cancer is a significant public health issue that has a profound impact on both the economic and social spheres. It is considered one of the leading causes of death in this population, with leukemia being particularly prevalent. Pediatric cancer not only affects the child but also has repercussions on the immediate family, primarily the father, mother, or primary caregiver. A deeper understanding of this disease, its causes, treatment options, and most importantly, acquiring the knowledge to effectively support a child in facing this journey is crucial in the fight against cancer. Objective: To develop a health education program for parents and/or caregivers of pediatric patients recently diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at ALCCI. Methodology: The program was implemented as a project-based modality at ALCCI, consisting of three stages. During the design phase, an approach was made to the institution to communicate the purpose of the project and the participants’ benefit. This stage includes the diagnosis phase, where a semi-structured interview based on Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model, validated by experts, was conducted. Eleven caregivers participated in this diagnosis to gather previous experiences and educational needs. In the implementation stage, a health education manual was created based on the educational needs identified in the diagnosis stage, guided by the caregivers, and an educational planning matrix was developed to implement the project in person. This was implemented in two phases: a participatory in-person phase and another with the delivery of a self-directed manual. Finally, in the evaluation stage, two evaluations were carried out: the first to verify the caregivers' prior and post knowledge based on the information provided, and the second to establish the level of satisfaction with the self-directed educational manual. All of the above was carried out while respecting ethical principles. Results: Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model helps us understand that having good acceptance from participants, as in this case, is positive. However, there will be other factors such as previous experiences, social, cognitive, psychological, or situational aspects that positively or negatively influence the ability to achieve a commitment or health-promoting behavior. This helps nursing professionals understand and explain human realities, implementing interventions that lead them to find health-promoting behavior. Conclusions: This program showed a good perception of an educational material adapted to the educational needs of caregivers, as well as their available time, due to the characteristics of their situation as caregivers. Likewise, caregivers who receive such a significant diagnosis have less information absorption due to the overall impact, which is why an educational material that answers the main questions is valuable for home consultation. On the other hand, caregivers have a good disposition towards different activities that they perceive as beneficial for the care of a child with ALL, but due to time constraints and place of residence, they have limited availability for in-person activities. Finally, caregivers found the self-directed manual to be a reliable option that they plan to review at home and recommend to other caregivers in the same situation.
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ORGANIZACIÓN NO GUBERNAMENTAL, ENFERMEDAD, PERSONAL PARAMÉDICO, SALUD, MEDICINA PREVENTIVA, TRATAMIENTO MÉDICO
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