Correlación de la microbiota intestinal en la anorexia y bulimia y estado actual de sus biomarcadores
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Chong Rojas, Karla Alejandra
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Abstract
Este estudio revisa la relación entre las alteraciones de la microbiota intestinal y los biomarcadores metabólicos y neurológicos en la anorexia nerviosa (AN) y la bulimia nerviosa (BN), trastornos que afectan gravemente la salud mental y física. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de 58 artículos publicados entre 2017 y 2024, se identificó que la disbiosis intestinal se caracteriza por una menor diversidad bacteriana y un aumento de especies proinflamatorias, como Bacteroides fragilis y Escherichia coli. Además, se encontró una disminución en metabolitos beneficiosos como los ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) y alteraciones en biomarcadores hormonales como la leptina y la grelina, lo que afecta directamente la regulación del apetito, el balance energético y el estado emocional. Los niveles reducidos de neurotransmisores como la serotonina y el BDNF refuerzan el impacto de la disbiosis en el eje intestino-cerebro, exacerbando síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y disfunción cognitiva en estos trastornos. Asimismo, las intervenciones basadas en la microbiota, como el uso de probióticos y trasplantes fecales, muestran resultados prometedores al mejorar la diversidad microbiana, reducir la inflamación sistémica y restaurar la función metabólica y neurológica. En conclusión, este trabajo subraya la necesidad de abordar los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria desde una perspectiva integradora, considerando las interacciones entre la microbiota y el sistema metabólico y neurológico y destaca el potencial terapéutico de intervenir en el microbioma para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes.
This study reviews the relationship between alterations in gut microbiota and metabolic and neurological biomarkers in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), disorders that severely impact mental and physical health. A bibliographic review of 58 articles published between 2017 and 2024 identified that gut dysbiosis is characterized by reduced bacterial diversity and an increase in pro-inflammatory species such as Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli. Additionally, a decrease in beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and alterations in hormonal biomarkers like leptin and ghrelin were observed, directly affecting appetite regulation, energy balance, and emotional state. Reduced levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and BDNF further amplify the impact of dysbiosis on the gut-brain axis, exacerbating symptoms of anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction in these disorders. Moreover, microbiota-based interventions, such as probiotics and fecal transplants, show promising results in improving microbial diversity, reducing systemic inflammation, and restoring metabolic and neurological function. In conclusion, this work highlights the need to address eating disorders from an integrative perspective that considers the interactions between microbiota and metabolic and neurological systems and underscores the therapeutic potential of microbiome interventions to improve patients' quality of life.
This study reviews the relationship between alterations in gut microbiota and metabolic and neurological biomarkers in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), disorders that severely impact mental and physical health. A bibliographic review of 58 articles published between 2017 and 2024 identified that gut dysbiosis is characterized by reduced bacterial diversity and an increase in pro-inflammatory species such as Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli. Additionally, a decrease in beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and alterations in hormonal biomarkers like leptin and ghrelin were observed, directly affecting appetite regulation, energy balance, and emotional state. Reduced levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and BDNF further amplify the impact of dysbiosis on the gut-brain axis, exacerbating symptoms of anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction in these disorders. Moreover, microbiota-based interventions, such as probiotics and fecal transplants, show promising results in improving microbial diversity, reducing systemic inflammation, and restoring metabolic and neurological function. In conclusion, this work highlights the need to address eating disorders from an integrative perspective that considers the interactions between microbiota and metabolic and neurological systems and underscores the therapeutic potential of microbiome interventions to improve patients' quality of life.
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Microbiota intestinal, Anorexia nerviosa, Bulimia nerviosa, Biomarcadores metabólicos, Biomarcadores neurológicos, Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), Disbiosis intestinal, Eje intestino-cerebro, Ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC), Inflamación sistémica, BDNF (factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro), Leptina, Grelina, Intervenciones basadas en la microbiota, Citoquinas proinflamatorias, Diversidad microbiana