Papel pronóstico de los factores clínicos, quirúrgicos y epidemiológicos en una cohorte de pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea aneurismática en el Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia entre 2020 y 2023
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La hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA) de origen aneurismático es una patología neuroquirúrgica compleja con un alto impacto en la morbi-mortalidad. Afecta desproporcionadamente a mujeres y a personas en su etapa más productiva (promedio de 53 años), generando altos costos sociales y años de vida perdidos.
Se realizó un estudio observacional de cohorte, tanto prospectivo como retrospectivo, con una población total de 77 pacientes mayores de 18 años. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas, hallazgos de neuroimagen (Escala de Fisher) y el estado clínico al ingreso mediante las escalas Hunt-Hess y WFNS. El resultado funcional se valoró longitudinalmente utilizando la escala Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) al egreso y a los 12 meses.
La cohorte presentó una edad media entre 51 y 56 años, con predominancia femenina e hipertensión arterial como factor de riesgo principal (52-60%). El 73.3% de los pacientes recibió tratamiento endovascular y el 26.7% clipaje microquirúrgico. Las clasificaciones más frecuentes al ingreso fueron Hunt-Hess 2, Fisher 4 y WFNS 1. Aunque no se hallaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el desenlace funcional entre ambas técnicas quirúrgicas (p=0.094), se observó una tendencia clínica hacia mejores resultados en el grupo de tratamiento endovascular (mediana GOS de 5 vs. 4 a los 12 meses).
Ambas modalidades de tratamiento ofrecen resultados funcionales comparables en esta cohorte hospitalaria. La selección de la técnica debe ser individualizada, considerando factores como la morfología del aneurisma y el estado clínico inicial. El uso de escalas clínicas y radiológicas sigue siendo fundamental para la estratificación del riesgo y la predicción del pronóstico en estos pacientes.
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a complex neurosurgical pathology with high morbidity and mortality rates. It disproportionately affects women and individuals in their most productive years (average age of 53), resulting in significant social costs and years of potential life lost. An observational cohort study, both prospective and retrospective, was conducted with a total population of 77 patients over 18 years of age. Epidemiological variables, neuroimaging findings (modified Fisher Scale), and clinical status upon admission (Hunt Hess and WFNS scales) were analyzed. Functional outcome was assessed longitudinally using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge and at 12 months. The cohort had a mean age between 51 and 56 years, with a female predominance and arterial hypertension as the primary risk factor (52-60%). Regarding treatment, 73.3% of patients received endovascular therapy and 26.7% underwent microsurgical clipping. The most frequent classifications at admission were Hunt-Hess 2, Fisher 4, and WFNS 1. Although no statistically significant differences in functional outcome were found between the two surgical techniques (p=0.094), a clinical trend toward better outcomes was observed in the endovascular treatment group (median GOS of 5 vs. 4 at 12 months). Both treatment modalities offer comparable functional outcomes in this hospital cohort. The selection of the technique must be individualized, considering factors such as aneurysm morphology and initial clinical status. The use of clinical and radiological scales remains fundamental for risk stratification and predicting prognosis in these patients.
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a complex neurosurgical pathology with high morbidity and mortality rates. It disproportionately affects women and individuals in their most productive years (average age of 53), resulting in significant social costs and years of potential life lost. An observational cohort study, both prospective and retrospective, was conducted with a total population of 77 patients over 18 years of age. Epidemiological variables, neuroimaging findings (modified Fisher Scale), and clinical status upon admission (Hunt Hess and WFNS scales) were analyzed. Functional outcome was assessed longitudinally using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge and at 12 months. The cohort had a mean age between 51 and 56 years, with a female predominance and arterial hypertension as the primary risk factor (52-60%). Regarding treatment, 73.3% of patients received endovascular therapy and 26.7% underwent microsurgical clipping. The most frequent classifications at admission were Hunt-Hess 2, Fisher 4, and WFNS 1. Although no statistically significant differences in functional outcome were found between the two surgical techniques (p=0.094), a clinical trend toward better outcomes was observed in the endovascular treatment group (median GOS of 5 vs. 4 at 12 months). Both treatment modalities offer comparable functional outcomes in this hospital cohort. The selection of the technique must be individualized, considering factors such as aneurysm morphology and initial clinical status. The use of clinical and radiological scales remains fundamental for risk stratification and predicting prognosis in these patients.
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Hemorragia subaracnoidea, Aneurismas cerebrales, Neurocirugía, Tratamiento endovascular, Cirugía microvascular, Pronóstico médico, Factores de riesgo, Hipertensión arterial
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