Diseño de un sistema en fase líquida capaz de degradar insecticidas del grupo de los neonicotinoides por medio de un consorcio microbiano
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Abstract
El uso de plaguicidas en la agricultura es una práctica ampliamente extendida a nivel mundial; sin embargo, su manejo inadecuado puede provocar la contaminación de aguas superficiales, subterráneas y suelos. Entre los insecticidas más empleados destacan los neonicotinoides, utilizados en una gran variedad de cultivos por su alta selectividad hacia insectos. Sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, como la elevada solubilidad en agua y su prolongada vida media en el suelo, favorecen su persistencia y movilidad en los ecosistemas agrícolas, facilitando su transporte por escorrentía y lixiviación. Con el propósito de mitigar este impacto, se desarrolló y evaluó un sistema en fase líquida basado en un consorcio microbiano capaz de degradar simultáneamente y de forma cruzada distintos neonicotinoides. Se aislaron previamente dos consorcios microbianos a partir de suelos expuestos a estos compuestos, los cuales fueron identificados mediante la amplificación y secuenciación de los fragmentos ADNr 16S e ITS2. La eficiencia de degradación se evaluó en ensayos a escala de matraz, donde el consorcio N2 alcanzó una eliminación superior al 90% de imidacloprid y evidenció capacidad de degradación cruzada de imidacloprid, acetamiprid y tiametoxan. Posteriormente, el sistema fue escalado a un biorreactor de tanque agitado, en el cual el monitoreo químico mediante LC-MS/MS mostró una reducción significativa en las concentraciones de plaguicidas, acompañada de una disminución de la ecotoxicidad evaluada mediante bioensayos con Apis mellifera, Aliivibrio fischeri y Lactuca sativa. En conjunto, los resultados confirman que el sistema propuesto constituye una alternativa biotecnológica viable para la eliminación de neonicotinoides en aguas residuales agrícolas. Asimismo, la capacidad de degradación cruzada y el comportamiento estable durante el escalamiento sugieren que este enfoque podría aplicarse a la biorremediación de otros plaguicidas persistentes. Este trabajo representa un avance en el desarrollo de tecnologías sostenibles para la gestión de contaminantes agrícolas, con potencial de implementación en sistemas de tratamiento integrados a nivel de finca o planta piloto.
The use of pesticides in agriculture is a widespread practice worldwide; however, their improper management can lead to the contamination of surface water, groundwater, and soil. Among the most used insecticides are neonicotinoids, applied to a wide range of crops due to their high selectivity toward insect pests. Their physicochemical properties, such as high-water solubility and long soil half-life, promote persistence and mobility within agricultural ecosystems, facilitating their transport through runoff and leaching. To mitigate this impact, a liquid-phase system based on a microbial consortium capable of simultaneously and cross degrading different neonicotinoids was developed and evaluated. Two microbial consortia were previously isolated from soils exposed to these compounds and identified through amplification and sequencing of the 16S rDNA and ITS2 regions. Degradation efficiency was assessed in flask-scale experiments, where consortium N2 achieved over 90% removal of imidacloprid and exhibited cross-degradation capability for imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam. The system was subsequently scaled up to a stirred-tank bioreactor, in which chemical monitoring by LC-MS/MS revealed a significant reduction in pesticide concentrations, accompanied by a decrease in ecotoxicity as determined through bioassays with Apis mellifera, Aliivibrio fischeri, and Lactuca sativa. Overall, the results confirm that the proposed system represents a viable biotechnological alternative for the removal of neonicotinoids from agricultural wastewater. Furthermore, its cross-degradation capacity and stable performance during scale-up suggest that this approach could be applied to the bioremediation of other persistent pesticides. This study represents an advance in the development of sustainable technologies for agricultural contaminant management, with potential applications in integrated treatment systems at farm or pilot-plant scale.
The use of pesticides in agriculture is a widespread practice worldwide; however, their improper management can lead to the contamination of surface water, groundwater, and soil. Among the most used insecticides are neonicotinoids, applied to a wide range of crops due to their high selectivity toward insect pests. Their physicochemical properties, such as high-water solubility and long soil half-life, promote persistence and mobility within agricultural ecosystems, facilitating their transport through runoff and leaching. To mitigate this impact, a liquid-phase system based on a microbial consortium capable of simultaneously and cross degrading different neonicotinoids was developed and evaluated. Two microbial consortia were previously isolated from soils exposed to these compounds and identified through amplification and sequencing of the 16S rDNA and ITS2 regions. Degradation efficiency was assessed in flask-scale experiments, where consortium N2 achieved over 90% removal of imidacloprid and exhibited cross-degradation capability for imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam. The system was subsequently scaled up to a stirred-tank bioreactor, in which chemical monitoring by LC-MS/MS revealed a significant reduction in pesticide concentrations, accompanied by a decrease in ecotoxicity as determined through bioassays with Apis mellifera, Aliivibrio fischeri, and Lactuca sativa. Overall, the results confirm that the proposed system represents a viable biotechnological alternative for the removal of neonicotinoids from agricultural wastewater. Furthermore, its cross-degradation capacity and stable performance during scale-up suggest that this approach could be applied to the bioremediation of other persistent pesticides. This study represents an advance in the development of sustainable technologies for agricultural contaminant management, with potential applications in integrated treatment systems at farm or pilot-plant scale.
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Keywords
Plaguicidas, Insecticidas, Neonicotinoides, Contaminación del agua, Contaminación del suelo, Biotecnología ambiental