Entre cuentos y colores: Un espacio lúdico-creativo para la reconstrucción y resignificación de historias infantiles que han incidido en la imagen corporal y el vínculo afectivo con el cuerpo de una niñez residente en las Aldeas SOS de Tres Ríos, desde una intervención clínica basada en la escucha, el juego terapéutico y las Artes Expresivas
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Mora Chinchilla, María de los Ángeles
Vargas Ramírez, Franciny de los Ángeles
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Abstract
La persona niña en condición de abuso sexual y abandono sufre un enorme daño en su historia personal, pues el impacto del trauma tortura sus memorias y éstas quedan impregnadas de dolor en lo profundo de la imagen inconsciente de su cuerpo, lo cual afecta también su incipiente identidad. Por esta razón, la presente práctica de investigación aplicada tuvo como objetivo general la implementación de un programa de talleres creativos y de escucha terapéutica, a través de los cuales fuera posible la historización y resignificación de estas experiencias de vida adversas en una niñez residente en Aldeas Infantiles SOS de Tres Ríos, Costa Rica. El diseño metodológico conjugó el enfoque psicoanalítico de terapia de juego, las Artes Expresivas y el diseño cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico hermenéutico, debido a la diversidad de sus estrategias. Como recurso de análisis se utilizaron métodos biográficos narrativos, para indagar de manera no estructurada las historias de vida, con la finalidad de recuperar los sentidos vinculados con las experiencias vividas. Se realizaron veinte encuentros colectivos: dieciocho talleres grupales con los cuales se accedió a las experiencias del cuerpo inconsciente infantil a través de la obra creativa, utilizando la pintura, el teatro infantil, la arcilla, los cuentos y la Arteterapia. Desde la epistemología fenomenológica-hermenéutica, cuando la producción artística hace visible el evento adverso, esto permite que la persona niña reflexione acerca de sus significados y pueda transformarlos. Asimismo, se desarrolló un taller sobre educación sexual y una sesión final para destacar las fortalezas personales. Paralelamente, se llevaron a cabo ciento doce sesiones de terapia de juego psicoanalítica y Arteterapia, con un promedio de dieciséis sesiones individuales por cada persona menor participante, para profundizar en las historias personales de cada niña y niño. Concluimos que, si bien la escucha psicoanalítica posibilita la expresión de la palabra y el alivio del síntoma, cuando se le combina con la terapia de Artes Expresivas, tiene un potencial mayor para transformar experiencias adversas y otorgarles un nuevo sentido de vida, mediante el acto creativo. Esta intervención clínica tiene relevancia en la Psicología de la Salud, pues la historización y resignificación de eventos traumáticos le permitió a la niñez el rescate de sus memorias personales, un despertar creativo y una revinculación saludable con su cuerpo. La producción de nuevas significaciones posibilitó el surgimiento del deseo y la resiliencia en la población infantil participante. Tales elementos les devolvieron a estas niñas y niños el sentido de vida, así como mayor bienestar emocional y desarrollo subjetivo. Palabras clave: Abuso sexual. Abandono. Escucha psicoanalítica. Juego terapéutico. Artes Expresivas. Arteterapia.
The child in a condition of sexual abuse and abandonment suffers enormous damage to their personal history, since the impact of trauma tortures their memories and these become impregnated with pain deep in the unconscious image of their body, which also affects their incipient identity. For this reason, the general objective of this applied research practice was the implementation of a program of creative workshops and therapeutic listening, through which it was possible to historicize and re-signify these adverse experiences in a childhood resident in SOS Children's Villages, located in Tres Ríos, Costa Rica. The methodological design combined the psychoanalytic approach of play therapy, the Expressive Arts and the qualitative design of a hermeneutic phenomenological type, due to the diversity of its strategies. As an analysis resource, narrative biographical methods were used to investigate life stories in an unstructured way, with the aim of recovering the meanings linked to the experiences lived. Twenty collective meetings were held: eighteen group workshops with which the experiences of the child's unconscious body were accessed through creative work, using painting, children's theater, clay, stories and Art therapy. From phenomenologicalhermeneutic epistemology, when artistic production makes the adverse event visible, this allows the child to reflect on its meanings and transform them. Likewise, a workshop on sexual education and a final session to highlight personal strengths were held. At the same time, one hundred and twelve sessions of psychoanalytic play therapy and Art Therapy were carried out, with an average of sixteen individual sessions for each participating minor, to delve deeper into the personal stories of each girl and boy. We conclude that, although psychoanalytic listening enables the expression of words and the relief of symptoms, when combined with Expressive Arts therapy, it has a greater potential to transform adverse childhood experiences and give them a new meaning of life, through the creative act. This clinical intervention has relevance in Health Psychology, since the historicization and resignification of traumatic events allowed children to rescue their personal memories, a creative awakening and a healthy reconnection with their bodies. The production of new meanings enabled the emergence of desire and resilience in the participating children. Such elements gave these girls and boys back the meaning of life, as well as greater emotional well-being and subjective development.
The child in a condition of sexual abuse and abandonment suffers enormous damage to their personal history, since the impact of trauma tortures their memories and these become impregnated with pain deep in the unconscious image of their body, which also affects their incipient identity. For this reason, the general objective of this applied research practice was the implementation of a program of creative workshops and therapeutic listening, through which it was possible to historicize and re-signify these adverse experiences in a childhood resident in SOS Children's Villages, located in Tres Ríos, Costa Rica. The methodological design combined the psychoanalytic approach of play therapy, the Expressive Arts and the qualitative design of a hermeneutic phenomenological type, due to the diversity of its strategies. As an analysis resource, narrative biographical methods were used to investigate life stories in an unstructured way, with the aim of recovering the meanings linked to the experiences lived. Twenty collective meetings were held: eighteen group workshops with which the experiences of the child's unconscious body were accessed through creative work, using painting, children's theater, clay, stories and Art therapy. From phenomenologicalhermeneutic epistemology, when artistic production makes the adverse event visible, this allows the child to reflect on its meanings and transform them. Likewise, a workshop on sexual education and a final session to highlight personal strengths were held. At the same time, one hundred and twelve sessions of psychoanalytic play therapy and Art Therapy were carried out, with an average of sixteen individual sessions for each participating minor, to delve deeper into the personal stories of each girl and boy. We conclude that, although psychoanalytic listening enables the expression of words and the relief of symptoms, when combined with Expressive Arts therapy, it has a greater potential to transform adverse childhood experiences and give them a new meaning of life, through the creative act. This clinical intervention has relevance in Health Psychology, since the historicization and resignification of traumatic events allowed children to rescue their personal memories, a creative awakening and a healthy reconnection with their bodies. The production of new meanings enabled the emergence of desire and resilience in the participating children. Such elements gave these girls and boys back the meaning of life, as well as greater emotional well-being and subjective development.
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Keywords
Abuso sexual, Abandono, Escucha psicoanalítica, Juego terapéutico, Artes Expresivas, Arteterapia