Nivel de competitividad técnica de las empresas exportadoras de productos agrícolas no tradicionales de Costa Rica
Fecha
2018
Tipo
artículo original
Autores
Durán Quirós, Alfredo
Mora Acedo, Dennis
González Lutz, María Isabel
Vargas Hernández, Guillermo
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Resumen
Se realiza un análisis del concepto de competitividad, el cual se establece como un concepto complejo, multifactorial, que abarca factores propios del país que son responsabilidad del gobierno, aspectos externos a la empresa, pero de acción privada, como es el mercado y aspectos internos, o propios del sistema de producción. Sobre estos últimos se define la “competitividad técnica” como “la capacidad de ofrecer un producto de excelente calidad, a bajo costo y en el volumen requerido por un mercado específico, como resultado de un manejo técnico que busque la eficiencia del trabajo, la innovación, la máxima productividad, la reducción de pérdidas y la reducción de los costos de producción”. Se hace un análisis del trabajo desarrollado por los autores en la elaboración de una herramienta para cuantificar la competitividad técnica llamada Índice de Competitividad Técnica Empresarial (ICTE), que está constituido por 12 grupos de elementos afines llamados “constructos”. Se discuten los resultados más relevantes del Diagnóstico Nacional de Competitividad desarrollado por los autores para los sectores de frutas, ornamentales, flores, hortalizas, raíces, y tubérculos, que indican condiciones deficientes de producción que limitan la capacidad competitiva de las empresas. Se estableció que las empresas que poseen certificaciones, las que exportan a varios mercados y las que poseen marca registrada para comercializar, presentaron valores más altos del ICTE respecto a empresas que no las poseen. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados de un proyecto de capacitación sobre temas de competitividad y elaboración de planes de mejora, a gerentes de empresas agroexportadoras. Solo el 40% de los gerentes que iniciaron, finalizaron el curso. Todos reconocieron la importancia de la formación recibida, sin embargo, las evaluaciones enviadas posteriormente demostraron que menos del 20% hizo mejoras en sus procesos de operación o en el manejo de su recurso humano.
An analysis of the concept of competitiveness was made, establishing it as a complex, multifactorial concept that covers various aspects such as factors related to each country, Government’s responsibility, aspects of private action, external to the company and internal aspects of the production system. “Technical competitiveness” is defined as “offering a product of excellent quality, low-cost and volume required by a specific market as a result of a technical management that seeks efficiency, innovation, productivity, loss and production costs reduction”. An analysis was made of the work performed by the authors in the development of a tool to quantify the technical competitiveness (called index of technical competitiveness (ICTE)), which consists of 12 groups of related items called “constructs”. The more relevant results of the national competitiveness diagnosis developed by authors in the year 2009 for the fruit, ornamentals, flowers, vegetables and roots and tubers sectors, are discussed indicating poor production conditions that limit the competitive ability of the enterprises. The effect of certifications on business development is also discussed, showing that companies which export to markets that require this type of certifications, have higher levels of technical business competitiveness index. In addition, the greater is the number of markets that one company supplies, the greater competitiveness index the company shows. Finally, the results of a training project developed on issues of competitiveness and development of improvement plans are discussed. Only 40% of companies that started the course were capable of finishing the training. All the managers recognized the importance of the training received, however, subsequently submitted assessments indicate that less than 20% of them has made improvements in their processes of operation or in the management of their human resources.
An analysis of the concept of competitiveness was made, establishing it as a complex, multifactorial concept that covers various aspects such as factors related to each country, Government’s responsibility, aspects of private action, external to the company and internal aspects of the production system. “Technical competitiveness” is defined as “offering a product of excellent quality, low-cost and volume required by a specific market as a result of a technical management that seeks efficiency, innovation, productivity, loss and production costs reduction”. An analysis was made of the work performed by the authors in the development of a tool to quantify the technical competitiveness (called index of technical competitiveness (ICTE)), which consists of 12 groups of related items called “constructs”. The more relevant results of the national competitiveness diagnosis developed by authors in the year 2009 for the fruit, ornamentals, flowers, vegetables and roots and tubers sectors, are discussed indicating poor production conditions that limit the competitive ability of the enterprises. The effect of certifications on business development is also discussed, showing that companies which export to markets that require this type of certifications, have higher levels of technical business competitiveness index. In addition, the greater is the number of markets that one company supplies, the greater competitiveness index the company shows. Finally, the results of a training project developed on issues of competitiveness and development of improvement plans are discussed. Only 40% of companies that started the course were capable of finishing the training. All the managers recognized the importance of the training received, however, subsequently submitted assessments indicate that less than 20% of them has made improvements in their processes of operation or in the management of their human resources.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Competitividad técnica, Exportación agrícola, Cultivos no tradicionales, Capacitación, Mejora tecnológica, Technical competitiveness, Agricultural exports, Non-traditional agronomic commodities, Training, Technical improvement