Perfil clínico y microbiológico de infecciones de sitio quirúrgico en cirugía abdominal electiva en la unidad de cirugía de colon y recto del Hospital México durante el período 2023-2024.
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Introducción La infección del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) es una complicación crítica en la cirugía colorrectal, especialmente en pacientes con patología oncológica, ya que incrementa significativamente la morbilidad, prolonga la hospitalización y eleva los costos sanitarios. Aunque se han realizado avances en el manejo y prevención de infecciones, la falta de datos epidemiológicos locales impide la optimización de las estrategias de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Este estudio se planteó para abordar esta brecha de conocimiento.
Metodología Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional retrospectivo, de corte transversal y descriptivo, con 238 pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal electiva en la Unidad de Cirugía de Colon y Recto del Hospital México, entre enero de 2023 y diciembre de 2024. Se analizaron 21 variables predictoras, incluidas características demográficas, comorbilidades (diabetes mellitus (DM) e hipertensión arterial (HTA)), estado nutricional (albúmina sérica) y factores quirúrgicos (abordaje, duración de la cirugía y presencia de estoma). Para el análisis de los resultados, se utilizaron pruebas estadísticas bivariadas (Chi-cuadrado y U de Mann Whitney) para identificar factores de riesgo asociados a ISQ, y se desarrolló un modelo predictivo de riesgo mediante el algoritmo Random Forest.
Resultados La incidencia global de ISQ fue del 21.4% (51 de 238 pacientes), un valor dentro del rango esperado para la cirugía colorrectal a nivel internacional. Predominaron las infecciones de órgano/espacio (58.8% del total de ISQ), siendo la fuga anastomótica la complicación grave más frecuente (33.3%). La presencia de ISQ duplicó la estancia hospitalaria media, con una mediana de 7 días en pacientes infectados frente a 4 días en pacientes sin ISQ (p < 0.0001). El abordaje quirúrgico abierto fue el factor de riesgo modificable más importante, cuadruplicando el riesgo de ISQ en comparación con técnicas mínimamente invasivas (OR = 4.21, p = 0.0008). El diagnóstico no oncológico se asoció a un riesgo significativamente mayor (OR inverso = 4.0, p = 0.0001), mientras que el sexo masculino mostró una tendencia a un riesgo casi duplicado (OR = 1.98, p = 0.0521). Escherichia coli fue el microorganismo más frecuente (19.6% de las ISQ), consistente con la flora gastrointestinal esperada, aunque solo se tomaron cultivos en el 54.9% de los casos con ISQ. La Proteína C Reactiva (PCR) al cuarto día postoperatorio fue el predictor más potente del modelo predictivo (20.2% de importancia), con valores medianos significativamente más altos en el grupo con ISQ (88.9 mg/L vs 42.4 mg/L, p < 0.0001), y el modelo Random Forest alcanzó un AUC-ROC de 0.766.
Conclusiones La incidencia de ISQ en cirugía colorrectal electiva en la institución analizada es alta, con predominio de las infecciones de órgano/espacio, especialmente las fugas anastomóticas. El abordaje abierto y el diagnóstico no oncológico son factores de riesgo clave independientes. Es fundamental priorizar el abordaje laparoscópico y optimizar la vigilancia postoperatoria, utilizando la PCR al cuarto día como herramienta de detección temprana para mitigar el riesgo y reducir la duplicación de la estancia hospitalaria asociada a estas infecciones.
Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) stands as a major complication in colorectal surgery, particularly among patients with oncological conditions, significantly increasing morbidity, lengthening hospital stays, and raising healthcare costs. Despite advancements in infection management and prevention, the lack of local epidemiological data hampers the optimization of diagnostic and treatment strategies. This study aims to address this knowledge gap. Methodology An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted, focusing on 238 patients who underwent elective colorectal surgery at the Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit of Hospital México, between January 2023 and December 2024. We analyzed 21 predictive variables, including demographic characteristics, comorbidities (such as DM and HTA), nutritional status (serum albumin), and surgical factors (approach, surgery duration, and presence of stoma). Bivariate statistical tests (Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U) were used to identify SSI-associated risk factors, and a risk predictive model was developed using the Random Forest algorithm. Results The global incidence of SSI was documented at 21.4% (51 of 238 patients), which is within the expected range for colorectal surgery internationally. Organ/space infections predominated, accounting for 58.8% of SSIs, with anastomotic leaks being the most common severe complication (33.3% of SSIs). The presence of SSI doubled the median hospital stay to 7 days in infected patients compared to 4 days in patients without SSI (p < 0.0001). The open surgical approach was the most significant modifiable risk factor, quadrupling the risk of SSI compared to minimally invasive techniques (OR = 4.21, p = 0.0008). Non-oncological diagnosis was significantly associated with higher risk (inverse OR = 4.0, p = 0.0001), while male gender showed a trend towards nearly doubled risk (OR = 1.98, p = 0.0521). Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated microorganism (19.6% of SSIs), consistent with expected gastrointestinal flora, though cultures were taken in only 54.9% of SSI cases. C reactive protein (CRP) on the fourth postoperative day was the most potent predictor in the predictive model (20.2% importance), with significantly higher median values in the SSI group (88.9 mg/L vs. 42.4 mg/L, p < 0.0001). The Random Forest model achieved an AUC ROC of 0.766. Conclusions The incidence of SSI in elective colorectal surgery at our institution is high, with a predominance of organ/space infections, particularly anastomotic leaks. The open approach and non-oncological diagnoses emerge as key independent risk factors. It is imperative to prioritize laparoscopic approaches and optimize postoperative monitoring, utilizing CRP on the fourth day as an early detection tool to mitigate risk and reduce hospital stays associated with these infections.
Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) stands as a major complication in colorectal surgery, particularly among patients with oncological conditions, significantly increasing morbidity, lengthening hospital stays, and raising healthcare costs. Despite advancements in infection management and prevention, the lack of local epidemiological data hampers the optimization of diagnostic and treatment strategies. This study aims to address this knowledge gap. Methodology An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted, focusing on 238 patients who underwent elective colorectal surgery at the Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit of Hospital México, between January 2023 and December 2024. We analyzed 21 predictive variables, including demographic characteristics, comorbidities (such as DM and HTA), nutritional status (serum albumin), and surgical factors (approach, surgery duration, and presence of stoma). Bivariate statistical tests (Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U) were used to identify SSI-associated risk factors, and a risk predictive model was developed using the Random Forest algorithm. Results The global incidence of SSI was documented at 21.4% (51 of 238 patients), which is within the expected range for colorectal surgery internationally. Organ/space infections predominated, accounting for 58.8% of SSIs, with anastomotic leaks being the most common severe complication (33.3% of SSIs). The presence of SSI doubled the median hospital stay to 7 days in infected patients compared to 4 days in patients without SSI (p < 0.0001). The open surgical approach was the most significant modifiable risk factor, quadrupling the risk of SSI compared to minimally invasive techniques (OR = 4.21, p = 0.0008). Non-oncological diagnosis was significantly associated with higher risk (inverse OR = 4.0, p = 0.0001), while male gender showed a trend towards nearly doubled risk (OR = 1.98, p = 0.0521). Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated microorganism (19.6% of SSIs), consistent with expected gastrointestinal flora, though cultures were taken in only 54.9% of SSI cases. C reactive protein (CRP) on the fourth postoperative day was the most potent predictor in the predictive model (20.2% importance), with significantly higher median values in the SSI group (88.9 mg/L vs. 42.4 mg/L, p < 0.0001). The Random Forest model achieved an AUC ROC of 0.766. Conclusions The incidence of SSI in elective colorectal surgery at our institution is high, with a predominance of organ/space infections, particularly anastomotic leaks. The open approach and non-oncological diagnoses emerge as key independent risk factors. It is imperative to prioritize laparoscopic approaches and optimize postoperative monitoring, utilizing CRP on the fourth day as an early detection tool to mitigate risk and reduce hospital stays associated with these infections.
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Infección del sitio quirúrgico, Infección postoperatoria, Cirugía colorrectal, Microbiología clínica, Prevención de infecciones, Complicaciones postoperatorias, Surgical site infection, Postoperative infection, Colorectal surgery, Clinical microbiology, Infection prevention, Postoperative complications