Costos de producción de ensilados de pastos tropicales elaborados en lecherías de Costa Rica
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Fecha
2015-10
Tipo
artículo original
Autores
Villalobos Villalobos, Luis Alonso
Arce Cordero, José Alberto
WingChing Jones, Rodolfo
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Resumen
Se evaluó el costo de ensilajes elaborados con pastos perennes de piso (kikuyo y estrella africana), de corte (maralfalfa y mombaza) y anuales (avena forrajera, maíz y sorgo) en 31 lecherías de Costa Rica ubicadas en las provincias de Alajuela, Cartago y Guanacaste. La producción de biomasa del forraje utilizado influye directamente sobre el costo final de los ensilajes sin importar el ciclo de cosecha del cultivo, donde los pastos perennes de corte mostraron rendimientos mayores (30-60 tdeMF.ha-1). El costo del kilogramo de ensilado fue mayor en cultivos anuales (9,10-68,11 colones.kg-1 MF) mientras que en pastos perennes de piso (5,89-36,13 colones. kg-1 MF) y de corte (9,82-20,24 colones. kg-1 MF) sus costos fueron similares. Según el tipo de forraje se presentaron diferencias en los rubros de importancia, el establecimiento del forraje mostró tener un mayor peso en los costos de cultivos anuales (43.000-243.000 colones.ha-1; equivalente al 37% de los costos) mientras que el almacenamiento fue el rubro de mayor impacto en pastos perennes de piso (81.000-197.000 colones.ha-1;~55%) y de corte (31.000-318.000 colones.ha-1; ~57%). Se encontró una gran variabilidad en los precios de los insumos utilizados para ensilar forrajes por lo que los productores deben evaluar su factibilidad en base a las facilidades disponibles en finca y el acceso a los insumos.
Production cost of silage was evaluated for perennial grasses (kikuyu and African Stargrass), cut-and-carry grasses (maralfalfa and mombaza) and, annual forage crops ( oats, corn and sorghum) in 31 dairy farms located in the provinces of Alajuela, Cartago and Guanacaste. Regardless of the cycle of the crop, dry matter yield influences the cost of silages, showing higher values for cut-and-carry grasses (30-60 ton as fed.ha-1). The cost of silage was highest in annual crops (9.10-68.11 colones.kg-1 as fed) whereas perennial (5.89-36.13 colones. kg-1 as fed) and cut-and-carry grasses (9.82-20.24 colones. kg-1 as fed) had similar values. Seeding was the most cost-sensitive stage for annual crops (43,000-243,000 colones.ha-1 ; equivalent to37% of the cost) whereas storage had the biggest impact in the costs for perennial (81,000-197,000 colones.ha-1 ; ~55%) and cutand-carry grasses (31,000-318,000 colones.ha-1 ; ~57%). Due to the high variability in input prices found on this study, dairy farmers should assess the feasibility of making silage process by taking into account the on-farm resources and the ease of access to inputs.
Production cost of silage was evaluated for perennial grasses (kikuyu and African Stargrass), cut-and-carry grasses (maralfalfa and mombaza) and, annual forage crops ( oats, corn and sorghum) in 31 dairy farms located in the provinces of Alajuela, Cartago and Guanacaste. Regardless of the cycle of the crop, dry matter yield influences the cost of silages, showing higher values for cut-and-carry grasses (30-60 ton as fed.ha-1). The cost of silage was highest in annual crops (9.10-68.11 colones.kg-1 as fed) whereas perennial (5.89-36.13 colones. kg-1 as fed) and cut-and-carry grasses (9.82-20.24 colones. kg-1 as fed) had similar values. Seeding was the most cost-sensitive stage for annual crops (43,000-243,000 colones.ha-1 ; equivalent to37% of the cost) whereas storage had the biggest impact in the costs for perennial (81,000-197,000 colones.ha-1 ; ~55%) and cutand-carry grasses (31,000-318,000 colones.ha-1 ; ~57%). Due to the high variability in input prices found on this study, dairy farmers should assess the feasibility of making silage process by taking into account the on-farm resources and the ease of access to inputs.
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Palabras clave
Ensilaje, Indicadores de cultivo, Forrajes de corte, Forrajes perennes, Silo types, Crop indicators, Annual forages, Cut and carry forages, Perennial forages, 633.202 728 6 Pasturas y sus pastos