La economía política de los regímenes de deuda externa centroamericanos. Una aproximación al caso costarricense: Dinámica de la deuda, lógica crediticia y marco institucional (1871-1901)
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Esta investigación analiza la economía política de los regímenes de deuda externa centroamericanos en el contexto de la primera globalización económica, a partir del estudio del caso costarricense entre 1871 y 1901. Estos regímenes se entienden como una relación de poder asimétrica que los Estados y sus contribuyentes mantuvieron con acreedores externos e intermediarios financieros. Las desigualdades derivadas de esta relación se produjeron tanto entre sus partes componentes como al interior de ellas. El estudio se centra en tres dimensiones de análisis: la dinámica de la deuda, la lógica crediticia y el marco institucional. En la primera, se abordan las asimetrías generadas por el mercado, identificando que las condiciones impuestas por la oferta produjeron una dinámica extractiva marcada por crisis recurrentes. En la segunda, se examina la articulación entre las asimetrías de la oferta y las desigualdades locales, mostrando que el ingreso al mercado financiero londinense generó nuevas asimetrías frente a acreedores e intermediarios, al tiempo que reforzó las desigualdades preexistentes en la estructura social interna. En la tercera, se analizan las asimetrías internas, evidenciando que las instituciones extractivas locales y los repertorios desplegados por las élites configuraron un patrón estructural de endeudamiento ineficiente y regresivo. En conjunto, mediante la elaboración de metodologías replicables, la construcción de datos básicos e indicadores sobre la deuda externa y la propuesta de un marco analítico de economía política, esta investigación contribuye a problematizar las dinámicas extractivas asociadas a la deuda, su efecto desigualador y la interrelación entre finanzas y política local.
This research analyzes the political economy of Central American external debt regimes in thecontext of the first wave of economic globalization, through a case study of Costa Rica between1871 and 1901. These regimes are understood as asymmetric power relations that states and theirtaxpayers maintained with external creditors and financial intermediaries. The inequalities derivedfrom this relationship occurred both between its constituent parts and within them.The study focuses on three dimensions of analysis: debt dynamics, credit logic, and theinstitutional framework. The first dimension addresses market-generated asymmetries, identifyingthat the conditions imposed by the supply side produced an extractive dynamic marked byrecurrent crises. The second examines the articulation between supply-side asymmetries and localinequalities, showing that access to the London financial market created new asymmetries vis-àvis creditors and intermediaries while reinforcing preexisting inequalities within the domesticsocial structure. The third analyzes internal asymmetries, demonstrating that local extractiveinstitutions and the repertoires deployed by elites shaped a structural pattern of inefficient andregressive indebtedness.Taken together, through the development of replicable methodologies, the construction of basicdata and indicators on external debt, and the proposal of a political economy analytical framework,this research contributes to problematizing the extractive dynamics associated with debt, theirunequalizing effects, and the interrelation between finance and local politics.
This research analyzes the political economy of Central American external debt regimes in thecontext of the first wave of economic globalization, through a case study of Costa Rica between1871 and 1901. These regimes are understood as asymmetric power relations that states and theirtaxpayers maintained with external creditors and financial intermediaries. The inequalities derivedfrom this relationship occurred both between its constituent parts and within them.The study focuses on three dimensions of analysis: debt dynamics, credit logic, and theinstitutional framework. The first dimension addresses market-generated asymmetries, identifyingthat the conditions imposed by the supply side produced an extractive dynamic marked byrecurrent crises. The second examines the articulation between supply-side asymmetries and localinequalities, showing that access to the London financial market created new asymmetries vis-àvis creditors and intermediaries while reinforcing preexisting inequalities within the domesticsocial structure. The third analyzes internal asymmetries, demonstrating that local extractiveinstitutions and the repertoires deployed by elites shaped a structural pattern of inefficient andregressive indebtedness.Taken together, through the development of replicable methodologies, the construction of basicdata and indicators on external debt, and the proposal of a political economy analytical framework,this research contributes to problematizing the extractive dynamics associated with debt, theirunequalizing effects, and the interrelation between finance and local politics.
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Costa Rica, deuda pública, historia económica, economía política, Centroamérica