Abordaje psicosocial de pacientes con el primer episodio psicótico
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El presente trabajo de graduación aborda el tratamiento psicosocial del primer episodio psicótico (PEP), considerando esta una fase crítica en el desarrollo de trastornos psicóticos graves. El PEP es más frecuente en la adolescencia y adultos jóvenes, lo que puede comprometer su funcionalidad, autonomía y calidad de vida. Si bien la farmacoterapia es fundamental, resulta insuficiente para abarcar la complejidad biopsicosocial del trastorno. A través de una revisión bibliográfica, se analizan los principales factores de riesgo, genéticos, neurobiológicos, psicosociales y ambientales y se examinan las intervenciones terapéuticas eficaces en este contexto. Se destacan terapias psicológicas basadas en la evidencia, como la terapia cognitiva conductual para la psicosis, el modelo de dialogo abierto, la terapia psicoanalista de Lacan y terapias de la tercera ola como la terapia de aceptación y compromiso y la terapia cognitiva analítica, las cuales han demostrado contribuir significativamente en el proceso de recuperación de los pacientes mejorando el funcionamiento general, la prevención de recaídas, reducción de síntomas y adherencia a la farmacoterapia.
Además, se subraya la importancia de programas comunitarios y de rehabilitación psicosocial que incluyan el fortalecimiento de redes familiares, la intervención vocacional y la atención temprana multidisciplinaria. La investigación concluye que un modelo de atención integral, centrado en el paciente y sostenido por políticas públicas inclusivas, permite un abordaje más humano y efectivo del PEP, facilitando la recuperación funcional y previniendo la cronificación del trastorno.
This thesis addresses the psychosocial treatment of first-episode psychosis (FEP), considering this a critical phase in the development of severe psychotic disorders. FEP is the most common in adolescence and young adulthood, which can compromise functionality, autonomy, and quality of life. While pharmacotherapy is essential, it is insufficient to address the biopsychosocial complexity of the disorder. Through a literature review, the main genetic, neurobiological, psychosocial, and environmental risk factors are analyzed, and effective therapeutic interventions in this context are examined. Evidence-based psychological therapies are highlighted, such as cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis, the open dialogue model, Lacanian psychoanalytic therapy, and third-wave therapies such as acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive analytic therapy, which have been shown to contribute significantly to the recovery process of patients by improving overall functioning, preventing relapse, reducing symptoms, and adhering to pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, the importance of community and psychosocial rehabilitation programs that include strengthening family networks, vocational intervention, and early multidisciplinary care is emphasized. The research concludes that a comprehensive, patient-centered care model supported by inclusive public policies allows for a more humane and effective approach to FEP, facilitating functional recovery and preventing the disorder from becoming chronic.
This thesis addresses the psychosocial treatment of first-episode psychosis (FEP), considering this a critical phase in the development of severe psychotic disorders. FEP is the most common in adolescence and young adulthood, which can compromise functionality, autonomy, and quality of life. While pharmacotherapy is essential, it is insufficient to address the biopsychosocial complexity of the disorder. Through a literature review, the main genetic, neurobiological, psychosocial, and environmental risk factors are analyzed, and effective therapeutic interventions in this context are examined. Evidence-based psychological therapies are highlighted, such as cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis, the open dialogue model, Lacanian psychoanalytic therapy, and third-wave therapies such as acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive analytic therapy, which have been shown to contribute significantly to the recovery process of patients by improving overall functioning, preventing relapse, reducing symptoms, and adhering to pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, the importance of community and psychosocial rehabilitation programs that include strengthening family networks, vocational intervention, and early multidisciplinary care is emphasized. The research concludes that a comprehensive, patient-centered care model supported by inclusive public policies allows for a more humane and effective approach to FEP, facilitating functional recovery and preventing the disorder from becoming chronic.
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Salud Mental, Primer Episodio Psicótico, Tratamiento psicosocial, Psicoterapia, Adolescencia, Adulto joven