On-farm occurrence of pharmaceuticals and their environmental hazard: Case study of a tropical dairy farm
Fecha
2023
Tipo
artículo original
Autores
Méndez Rivera, Michael
Montiel Mora, José Rolando
Ramírez Morales, Didier Daniel
Masís Mora, Mario Alberto
Rodríguez Rodríguez, Carlos E.
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Resumen
Animal husbandry wastewaters represent an important source of pharmaceuticals into the environment. This work aimed
to evaluate the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and their hazard in wastewater from a model dairy farm from Costa Rica.
Among the seven pharmaceuticals detected (acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, risperidone,
sulfamethazine), caffeine, ibuprofen and acetaminophen showed the highest concentrations, while caffeine, carbamazepine
and risperidone were the most frequently detected compounds. High (HQ≥1) or medium (0.1≤HQ<1) hazard were
estimated for three (caffeine, ibuprofen, risperidone) and two (acetaminophen, ketoprofen) pharmaceuticals, respectively;
similarly, high overall hazard (∑HQ) and significant ecotoxicity were determined in samples from all sampling points.
According to our results, the release of these aqueous matrices is a matter of environmental concern, as the treated wastewater is used for farm irrigation or directly released into nearby water streams. This work contributes to the knowledge
on the scarcely described occurrence and risk of pharmaceuticals in Latin American regions.
Descripción
Palabras clave
DRUGS, FARM, CASE STUDIES, MILK, ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD