Uso de triple terapia antitrombótica en pacientes con antecedente de evento cardiovascular mayor
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Arguedas Rojas, Javier
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La utilización de triple terapia antitrombótica, al combinar un anticoagulante oral directo y doble antiagregación plaquetaria, ha ganado popularidad durante la última década y ha sido recomendada en múltiples guías clínicas para aquellos pacientes quienes han sufrido eventos cardiovasculares mayores como infarto agudo al miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, infarto agudo al miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST y trombosis del stent. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de estas terapias es la reducción de la formación de coágulos en el contexto de pacientes con un alto riesgo trombótico. Sin embargo, el beneficio neto obtenido en los estudios ha sido contrarrestado por un alto riesgo de sufrir complicaciones hemorrágicas.
Por ende, el presente trabajo es una revisión sistemática no metaanalítica de la literatura de los últimos diez años, incluidos algunos estudios controlados aleatorizados de relevancia de mayor antigüedad, sobre la utilización, la eficacia y las complicaciones del uso de la triple terapia antitrombótica en el contexto del paciente con un alto riesgo cardiovascular. Para obtener, resumir y analizar la evidencia se utilizó una metodología mixta por medio de los postulados de PRISMA y GRADE.
Por su parte, este estudio concluye que si bien es cierto la utilización de triple terapia antitrombótica parece tener beneficios en cuanto a la disminución de la incidencia de eventos isquémicos recurrentes en pacientes con un alto riesgo cardiovascular, el aumento del riesgo de eventos hemorrágicos mayores o que comprometen la vida de los pacientes ha sido un hallazgo consistente el cual limita su recomendación a la población general. Es posible la existencia de un subgrupo de pacientes en los cuales la utilización de esta terapia tenga un beneficio neto mayor. Sin embargo, la heterogeneidad de los estudios publicados hasta el momento limita la posibilidad de brindar una recomendación para discernir a estos pacientes.
The use of triple antithrombotic therapy, combining a direct oral anticoagulant and dual antiplatelet therapy, has gained popularity over the last decade and has been recommended in multiple clinical guidelines for patients who have suffered major cardiovascular events such as ST-elevation myocardial infarction, non-STelevation myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis. The goal of these therapies is to reduce clot formation in patients with a high thrombotic risk. However, the net benefit observed in studies has been offset by a high risk of bleeding complications. This paper is a non-meta-analytic systematic review of the literature from the past ten years, including some older relevant randomized controlled trials, on the use, efficacy, and complications of triple antithrombotic therapy in the context of patients with high cardiovascular risk. A mixed methodology was used to gather, summarize, and analyze the evidence, following the PRISMA and GRADE guidelines. This study concludes that while the use of triple antithrombotic therapy appears to have benefits in reducing the incidence of recurrent ischemic events in patients with high cardiovascular risk, the increased risk of major or life-threatening bleeding events has been a consistent finding that limits its recommendation for the general population. There may be a subgroup of patients in whom this therapy provides a greater net benefit; however, the heterogeneity of the published studies to date limits the ability to make a recommendation to identify these patients.
The use of triple antithrombotic therapy, combining a direct oral anticoagulant and dual antiplatelet therapy, has gained popularity over the last decade and has been recommended in multiple clinical guidelines for patients who have suffered major cardiovascular events such as ST-elevation myocardial infarction, non-STelevation myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis. The goal of these therapies is to reduce clot formation in patients with a high thrombotic risk. However, the net benefit observed in studies has been offset by a high risk of bleeding complications. This paper is a non-meta-analytic systematic review of the literature from the past ten years, including some older relevant randomized controlled trials, on the use, efficacy, and complications of triple antithrombotic therapy in the context of patients with high cardiovascular risk. A mixed methodology was used to gather, summarize, and analyze the evidence, following the PRISMA and GRADE guidelines. This study concludes that while the use of triple antithrombotic therapy appears to have benefits in reducing the incidence of recurrent ischemic events in patients with high cardiovascular risk, the increased risk of major or life-threatening bleeding events has been a consistent finding that limits its recommendation for the general population. There may be a subgroup of patients in whom this therapy provides a greater net benefit; however, the heterogeneity of the published studies to date limits the ability to make a recommendation to identify these patients.
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Trabajo Final de Graduación sometido a la consideración del comité de la Especialidad en Medicina Interna para optar por el grado y título de Especialista en Medicina Interna
Keywords
Anticoagulación, Anticoagulantes oral directo, Antiagregación plaquetaria, Triple terapia antitrombótica, Terapia antitrombótica triple, Evento cardiovascular mayor, Infarto Agudo al Miocardio
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