Nefrotoxicidad por medio de contraste: Estado del arte y desarrollo de un lineamiento para su prevención basado en evidencia
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Rosales Quirós, Susan Pamela
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Abstract
Antecedentes: La nefropatía por contraste forma parte de las causas más comunes de lesión
renal aguda en los pacientes hospitalizados, asocia consecuencias como la prolongación en
la estancia hospitalaria, aumento en los costos y complicaciones que elevan la
morbimortalidad, por lo que es fundamental su prevención y diagnóstico oportuno.
Objetivos: Se describieron los conceptos claves de la nefropatía por contraste incluidos su
definición, criterios diagnósticos, características de los medios contrastados yodados,
mecanismos fisiopatológicos propuestos, factores de riesgo asociados y escalas de
evaluación más utilizadas para su estratificación, además de las medidas preventivas que se
han planteado para disminuir su aparición y estudios que han sido relevantes para justificar
o no su uso en la actualidad; así como una comparación de las recomendaciones más recientes
de las guías internacionales (KDIGO, ACR, ESUR).
Metodóloga: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos de revisión, ensayos clínicos, metaanálisis
y guías internacionales de manejo.
Conclusiones: Es necesario unificar la definición y criterios diagnósticos en relación con la
nefropatía por contraste. Los factores de riesgo para su aparición son la función renal basal
alterada (menor a 60ml/min/1.73m2), la cantidad de medio de contraste utilizado y el uso de
la vía intraarterial de primer paso renal. No existe un tratamiento específico una vez
instaurada la lesión renal, por lo que su manejo se basa en las medidas de prevención; para
lo cual la única estrategia que ha demostrado utilidad en monoterapia es la hidratación
intravenosa; sin embargo, la composición de la solución, velocidad de infusión, duración y
el método ideal para su monitorización aún no están definidos. Se necesitan más estudios con
muestras significativas que incluyan a las poblaciones con de mayor riesgo, para validar el
uso de otras medidas farmacológicas y no farmacológicas para su prevención.
Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients, it associates consequences such as prolonged hospital stay, increased costs and complications that raise morbidity and mortality; for these reasons, its prevention and an early diagnosis are essential. Objectives: The key concepts of contrast nephropathy were described, including its definition, diagnostic criteria, characteristics of the iodinated contrasted media, proposed pathophysiological mechanisms, associated risk factors and evaluation scales most commonly used for its stratification; in addition, the preventive measures that have been proposed to reduce its appearance and studies that have been relevant to justify or not its use at present were described; as well as a comparison of the most recent recommendations of the most used international guidelines (KDIGO, ACR, ESUR). Methods: A search for review articles, studies, randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses and international management guidelines was made. Conclusions: The definition and diagnostic criteria in relation to contrast nephropathy should be unified. Risk factors for its occurrence are impaired baseline renal function (less than 60ml/min/1.73m2), the amount of contrast medium used, and the use of the renal first-pass intra-arterial route. There is no specific treatment once the kidney injury is established, therefore, its management is based on preventive measures; for which the only strategy that has shown usefulness in monotherapy is intravenous hydration; however, the composition of the solution, infusion rate, duration and the ideal method for monitoring it are not yet defined. More studies with significant samples, including populations at higher risk, are needed to validate the use of other pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures for its prevention.
Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients, it associates consequences such as prolonged hospital stay, increased costs and complications that raise morbidity and mortality; for these reasons, its prevention and an early diagnosis are essential. Objectives: The key concepts of contrast nephropathy were described, including its definition, diagnostic criteria, characteristics of the iodinated contrasted media, proposed pathophysiological mechanisms, associated risk factors and evaluation scales most commonly used for its stratification; in addition, the preventive measures that have been proposed to reduce its appearance and studies that have been relevant to justify or not its use at present were described; as well as a comparison of the most recent recommendations of the most used international guidelines (KDIGO, ACR, ESUR). Methods: A search for review articles, studies, randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses and international management guidelines was made. Conclusions: The definition and diagnostic criteria in relation to contrast nephropathy should be unified. Risk factors for its occurrence are impaired baseline renal function (less than 60ml/min/1.73m2), the amount of contrast medium used, and the use of the renal first-pass intra-arterial route. There is no specific treatment once the kidney injury is established, therefore, its management is based on preventive measures; for which the only strategy that has shown usefulness in monotherapy is intravenous hydration; however, the composition of the solution, infusion rate, duration and the ideal method for monitoring it are not yet defined. More studies with significant samples, including populations at higher risk, are needed to validate the use of other pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures for its prevention.
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Keywords
Angiografía coronaria, Lesión renal aguda, Medios de contraste yodados, Nefropatía por medio de contraste, Tomografía computarizada con contraste, Acute kidney injury, Contrast enhanced computed tomography, Contrast- induced nephropathy, Coronary angiography - Iodinated contrast medium
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