Diarrea crónica en adultos mayores: causas más prevalentes, abordaje diagnóstico y generalidades terapéuticas. Propuesta de algoritmo para el abordaje diagnóstico de la diarrea crónica en el adulto mayor.
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La diarrea crónica, definida como la disminución sostenida de la consistencia de las deposiciones por un período superior a cuatro semanas, representa un síndrome clínico de etiología multifactorial que adquiere particular relevancia en la población geriátrica. En el adulto mayor, su abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico se ve condicionado por factores intrínsecos del envejecimiento, tales como la polifarmacia, la presencia de múltiples comorbilidades, los cambios fisiológicos del tracto gastrointestinal y las alteraciones inmunológicas derivadas de la inmunosenescencia. Estas características no solo dificultan la identificación de la causa subyacente, sino que también incrementan el riesgo de deshidratación, desnutrición, deterioro funcional, delirium y mortalidad, con repercusiones significativas en la calidad de vida y en los desenlaces clínicos globales. En cuanto a su prevalencia, la diarrea crónica afecta a un porcentaje considerable de adultos mayores, tanto en la comunidad como en instituciones de larga estancia. Su verdadera magnitud probablemente se encuentre subestimada debido al subregistro de síntomas gastrointestinales, la frecuente confusión con la incontinencia fecal y el uso extendido de laxantes o fármacos con efecto diarreico en esta población. Entre las etiologías más comunes destacan las farmacológicas, las infecciosas oportunistas, las inflamatorias y las malabsortivas . Desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico, el envejecimiento intestinal se asocia con disminución de la motilidad, alteración de la permeabilidad epitelial, reducción de la secreción enzimática y disbiosis intestinal, factores que en conjunto aumentan la vulnerabilidad del sistema digestivo del adulto mayor.
El diagnóstico de la diarrea crónica en el adulto mayor requiere un enfoque sistemático, escalonado e individualizado, que contemple tanto la etiología como el contexto funcional, farmacológico y social del paciente. La evaluación debe iniciar con una anamnesis exhaustiva, orientada a caracterizar el patrón evacuatorio, la duración del cuadro, la presencia de síntomas asociados (dolor abdominal, pérdida de peso, fiebre, sangrado), la exposición a fármacos potencialmente causales y los antecedentes de enfermedades gastrointestinales, endocrinas o metabólicas. La revisión minuciosa del tratamiento farmacológico es esencial, ya que numerosos medicamentos utilizados en geriatría pueden inducir diarrea mediante mecanismos osmóticos, secretorios, inflamatorios o disbióticos.
La valoración física y funcional debe incluir la evaluación del estado de hidratación, el peso corporal, los parámetros nutricionales, la masa muscular y el grado de fragilidad, integrando la VGI. Los estudios complementarios deben seleccionarse de forma dirigida y racional, en función de la sospecha clínica y del contexto individual del paciente.
La interpretación de los hallazgos debe siempre contextualizarse en el marco geriátrico, reconociendo que los cambios propios del envejecimiento intestinal pueden imitar o enmascarar alteraciones patológicas leves, y que las comorbilidades pueden modificar la expresión clínica o bioquímica de las enfermedades. En consecuencia, el diagnóstico preciso requiere una integración clínica multidimensional y la colaboración interdisciplinaria entre gastroenterología, geriatría, nutrición y laboratorio clínico.
El tratamiento debe adaptarse a la etiología identificada, al estado funcional y a los objetivos de cuidado del paciente.
Esta revisión bibliográfica narrativa y analítica integra la evidencia científica actual sobre el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico de la diarrea crónica en adultos mayores, destacando su relevancia clínica, las causas predominantes y los avances recientes en su manejo. Comprender este síndrome desde la perspectiva geriátrica resulta esencial para optimizar la calidad de vida, el estado funcional y prevenir complicaciones potencialmente graves en una población en constante crecimiento.
Metodología La búsqueda bibliográfica se llevó a cabo en bases de datos biomédicas internacionales, incluyendo PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase y Cochrane Library, abarcando el período comprendido entre 2010 y 2025, y priorizando la inclusión de artículos en inglés y español. Se consideraron revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis, ensayos clínicos, estudios observacionales, guías de práctica clínica y artículos de revisión de tema relevantes para el análisis del fenómeno. La información recopilada fue analizada de forma crítica e integradora, enfatizando los aspectos etiológicos, fisiopatológicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos de la diarrea crónica en el adulto mayor. Asimismo, se adoptó un enfoque clínico y funcional, alineado con los principios de la medicina geriátrica integral, con el propósito de fortalecer la práctica médica basada en evidencia y adaptada a las particularidades del envejecimiento.
Chronic diarrhea, defined as a sustained decrease in stool consistency lasting longer than four weeks, represents a clinical syndrome of multifactorial etiology that acquires relevance in the geriatric population. In older adults, its diagnostic and therapeutic approach is influenced by intrinsic aging factors such as polypharmacy, the presence of multiple comorbidities, physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, and immunological alterations derived from immunosenescence. These features not only hinder the identification of the underlying cause but also increase the risk of dehydration, malnutrition, functional decline, delirium, and mortality, with significant repercussions on quality of life and overall clinical outcomes. Regarding its prevalence, chronic diarrhea affects a considerable proportion of older adults, both in the community and in long-term care institutions. Its true magnitude is likely underestimated due to the underreporting of gastrointestinal symptoms, the frequent confusion with fecal incontinence, and the widespread use of laxatives or medications with diarrheal effects in this population. Among the most common etiologies are drug induced, opportunistic infections, inflammatory, and malabsorptive causes. From a pathophysiological perspective, intestinal aging is associated with reduced motility, altered epithelial permeability, decreased enzymatic secretion, and gut dysbiosis, factors that together increase the vulnerability of the elderly digestive system. The diagnostic approach to chronic diarrhea in older adults requires a systematic, stepwise, and individualized evaluation that considers both the underlying etiology and the functional, pharmacological, and social context of the patient. Assessment should begin with a comprehensive clinical history aimed at characterizing bowel patterns, duration, associated symptoms (abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, bleeding), exposure to potentially causative drugs, and past gastrointestinal, endocrine, or metabolic diseases. A thorough review of the pharmacological regimen is essential, as numerous medications commonly used in geriatrics may induce diarrhea through osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, or dysbiotic mechanisms. Physical and functional assessment should include the evaluation of hydration status, body weight, nutritional parameters, muscle mass, and degree of frailty, incorporating the comprehensive geriatric assessment. Complementary tests should be selected in a targeted and rational manner, based on clinical suspicion and the individual context of each patient. The interpretation of findings must always be contextualized within the geriatric framework, acknowledging that physiological changes related to intestinal aging may mimic or mask mild pathological alterations, and that comorbidities may modify the clinical or biochemical expression of disease. Consequently, accurate diagnosis requires multidimensional clinical integration and interdisciplinary collaboration among gastroenterology, geriatrics, nutrition, and clinical laboratory teams. Treatment should be adapted to the identified etiology, functional status, and care goals of the patient. This narrative and analytical literature review integrates the current scientific evidence on the diagnostic and therapeutic management of chronic diarrhea in older adults, highlighting its clinical relevance, predominant causes, and recent advances in care. Understanding this syndrome from a geriatric perspective is essential to optimize quality of life, preserve functional status, and prevent serious complications in a growing aging population. The literature search was conducted across major international biomedical databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library, covering the period between 2010 and 2025, and prioritizing articles in English and Spanish. The review included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical trials, observational studies, clinical practice guidelines, and narrative topic reviews relevant to the analysis of the phenomenon. The information gathered was analyzed critically and integratively, emphasizing the etiological, pathophysiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of chronic diarrhea in the elderly. A clinical and functional approach consistent with the principles of comprehensive geriatric medicine was adopted to strengthen evidence-based medical practice adapted to the specific characteristics of aging
Chronic diarrhea, defined as a sustained decrease in stool consistency lasting longer than four weeks, represents a clinical syndrome of multifactorial etiology that acquires relevance in the geriatric population. In older adults, its diagnostic and therapeutic approach is influenced by intrinsic aging factors such as polypharmacy, the presence of multiple comorbidities, physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, and immunological alterations derived from immunosenescence. These features not only hinder the identification of the underlying cause but also increase the risk of dehydration, malnutrition, functional decline, delirium, and mortality, with significant repercussions on quality of life and overall clinical outcomes. Regarding its prevalence, chronic diarrhea affects a considerable proportion of older adults, both in the community and in long-term care institutions. Its true magnitude is likely underestimated due to the underreporting of gastrointestinal symptoms, the frequent confusion with fecal incontinence, and the widespread use of laxatives or medications with diarrheal effects in this population. Among the most common etiologies are drug induced, opportunistic infections, inflammatory, and malabsorptive causes. From a pathophysiological perspective, intestinal aging is associated with reduced motility, altered epithelial permeability, decreased enzymatic secretion, and gut dysbiosis, factors that together increase the vulnerability of the elderly digestive system. The diagnostic approach to chronic diarrhea in older adults requires a systematic, stepwise, and individualized evaluation that considers both the underlying etiology and the functional, pharmacological, and social context of the patient. Assessment should begin with a comprehensive clinical history aimed at characterizing bowel patterns, duration, associated symptoms (abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, bleeding), exposure to potentially causative drugs, and past gastrointestinal, endocrine, or metabolic diseases. A thorough review of the pharmacological regimen is essential, as numerous medications commonly used in geriatrics may induce diarrhea through osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, or dysbiotic mechanisms. Physical and functional assessment should include the evaluation of hydration status, body weight, nutritional parameters, muscle mass, and degree of frailty, incorporating the comprehensive geriatric assessment. Complementary tests should be selected in a targeted and rational manner, based on clinical suspicion and the individual context of each patient. The interpretation of findings must always be contextualized within the geriatric framework, acknowledging that physiological changes related to intestinal aging may mimic or mask mild pathological alterations, and that comorbidities may modify the clinical or biochemical expression of disease. Consequently, accurate diagnosis requires multidimensional clinical integration and interdisciplinary collaboration among gastroenterology, geriatrics, nutrition, and clinical laboratory teams. Treatment should be adapted to the identified etiology, functional status, and care goals of the patient. This narrative and analytical literature review integrates the current scientific evidence on the diagnostic and therapeutic management of chronic diarrhea in older adults, highlighting its clinical relevance, predominant causes, and recent advances in care. Understanding this syndrome from a geriatric perspective is essential to optimize quality of life, preserve functional status, and prevent serious complications in a growing aging population. The literature search was conducted across major international biomedical databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library, covering the period between 2010 and 2025, and prioritizing articles in English and Spanish. The review included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical trials, observational studies, clinical practice guidelines, and narrative topic reviews relevant to the analysis of the phenomenon. The information gathered was analyzed critically and integratively, emphasizing the etiological, pathophysiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of chronic diarrhea in the elderly. A clinical and functional approach consistent with the principles of comprehensive geriatric medicine was adopted to strengthen evidence-based medical practice adapted to the specific characteristics of aging
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Atención geriátrica, Cuidados de salud para ancianos, Gastroenterología, Geriatría, Trastornos gastrointestinales, Patología digestiva