Revisión sistemática de la pancreatitis aguda: etiológía, complicaciones locales asociadas y manejo actual (2015-2025)
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La pancreatitis aguda es un proceso inflamatorio del páncreas y constituye una de las principales causas de hospitalización gastrointestinal. Aunque la mayoría de los pacientes desarrollan enfermedad leve a moderadamente grave, un porcentaje significativo evoluciona hacia cuadros graves con complicaciones sistémicas y locales, asociados a elevada morbimortalidad.
La heterogeneidad en su curso clínico, así como la variabilidad en las estrategias terapéuticas, ha motivado múltiples investigaciones con resultados diversos. Por lo que esta revisión bibliográfica tuvo como objetivo analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre las principales causas de pancreatitis aguda, las complicaciones locales asociadas y las estrategias actuales en su manejo clínico.
Se incluyeron 64 artículos publicados entre 2015 y 2025, seleccionados de distintas bases de datos, con énfasis en ensayos clínicos, revisiones sistemáticas y guías de práctica clínica. La evidencia revisada confirma que la etiología biliar y alcohólica son las más prevalentes; mientras que las complicaciones locales, como la necrosis pancreática y las colecciones peripancreáticas, se asocian con mayor gravedad y mortalidad. En cuanto al tratamiento, se destaca un abordaje multidisciplinario que prioriza la reanimación
hídrica individualizada y guiada por objetivos, la nutrición enteral temprana, el manejo adecuado del dolor y la aplicación de técnicas mínimamente invasivas para las complicaciones locales.
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process of the pancreas and is one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal hospitalization. Although most patients develop mild to moderately severe disease, a significant percentage progress to severe conditions with systemic and local complications, associated with high morbidity and mortality. The heterogeneity of its clinical course, as well as the variability in therapeutic strategies, has prompted multiple investigations with varying results. This narrative review aimed to analyze the available scientific evidence on the main causes of acute pancreatitis, associated local complications, and current strategies for its clinical management. Sixty-four articles published between 2015 and 2025 were included. These articles were selected from various databases, with an emphasis on clinical trials, systematically reviewed, and clinical practice guidelines. The reviewed evidence confirms that biliary and alcoholic etiologies are the most prevalent; while local complications, such as pancreatic necrosis and peripancreatic collections, are associated with greater severity and mortality. Regarding treatment, a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized, prioritizing individualized and goal-guided fluid resuscitation, early enteral nutrition, appropriate pain management, and the use of minimally invasive techniques for local complications.
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process of the pancreas and is one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal hospitalization. Although most patients develop mild to moderately severe disease, a significant percentage progress to severe conditions with systemic and local complications, associated with high morbidity and mortality. The heterogeneity of its clinical course, as well as the variability in therapeutic strategies, has prompted multiple investigations with varying results. This narrative review aimed to analyze the available scientific evidence on the main causes of acute pancreatitis, associated local complications, and current strategies for its clinical management. Sixty-four articles published between 2015 and 2025 were included. These articles were selected from various databases, with an emphasis on clinical trials, systematically reviewed, and clinical practice guidelines. The reviewed evidence confirms that biliary and alcoholic etiologies are the most prevalent; while local complications, such as pancreatic necrosis and peripancreatic collections, are associated with greater severity and mortality. Regarding treatment, a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized, prioritizing individualized and goal-guided fluid resuscitation, early enteral nutrition, appropriate pain management, and the use of minimally invasive techniques for local complications.
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Pancreatitis aguda, tratamiento médico