¿Modificando el mayoritarismo? Los orígenes del umbral electoral del 40 por ciento
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Date
Authors
Lehoucq, Fabrice E.
Rodríguez Cordero, Juan Carlos
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Revista Parlamentaria
Abstract
Este artículo explora los alcances políticos detrás del establecimiento del umbral del cuarenta por
ciento para elegir a los presidentes en Costa Rica. Desde 1936, el candidato victorioso debe
obtener una mayoría simple de votos y al menos el cuarenta por ciento de los votos válidos para
ser elegido presidente. En contraste con los otros sistemas de mayoría simple, este sistema de
mayoría calificada fomenta la elección de presidentes con apoyo del votante mediano. Con la
excepción de las elecciones del 2002, el umbral del cuarenta por ciento también ha prevenido de
que candidatos de terceros partidos hayan obligado a una segunda vuelta ronda. Este artículo
sostiene que cada uno de los componentes principales del sistema, segunda ronda (1926) y umbral
del cuarenta por ciento (1936), no involucró mucha transacción política. De manera bastante
extraña, los partidos políticos —que típicamente apoyaron reformas si éstas promovían sus intereses
de reelección— apoyaron dos reformas para ganar en estabilidad republicana. De hecho, el
establecimiento de un sistema de mayoría calificada del cuarenta por ciento con segunda ronda
en 1936, fue parte de un esfuerzo mucho más amplio por establecer reglas de sucesión política
aceptables para llegar a un fluido e intensamente competitivo sistema de partidos, que gradualmente
eliminó el papel intermediario de cuerpos representativos en la escogencia presidencial. Este hallazgo
sugiere que las instituciones duraderas tomen tiempo para ser construidas y que éstas no siempre
son producto de la previsión o de astutos cálculos.
This article explores the politics behind the establishment of the 40 percent threshold for electing presidents in Costa Rica. Since 1936, the victorious candidate must obtain a plurality of votes and at least 40 percent of the valid votes to be elected president. In contrast to other first-past-the post systems, this qualified majority system foments the election of presidents supported by the median voter. With the exception of the 2002 election, the 40 percent threshold also prevents third-party “spoiler” candidates from forcing the holding of a runoff election. This article argues that each of its principal components, that of a majority runoff system (1926) and the 40 percent threshold (1936) did not involve much of any political bargaining. Oddly enough, parties that typically supported reforms if they promoted their reelection interests backed two reforms to advance the stability of the republic. Indeed, the establishment of a 40 percent qualified plurality system with second round runoff by 1936 was part of a much broader struggle to establish rules of political succession acceptable to a fluid and intensely competitive party system, one that gradually eliminated the role of intermediate, representative bodies in presidential selection. This finding suggests that durable institutions take time to construct and that they are not always the product of foresight or clever calculation.
This article explores the politics behind the establishment of the 40 percent threshold for electing presidents in Costa Rica. Since 1936, the victorious candidate must obtain a plurality of votes and at least 40 percent of the valid votes to be elected president. In contrast to other first-past-the post systems, this qualified majority system foments the election of presidents supported by the median voter. With the exception of the 2002 election, the 40 percent threshold also prevents third-party “spoiler” candidates from forcing the holding of a runoff election. This article argues that each of its principal components, that of a majority runoff system (1926) and the 40 percent threshold (1936) did not involve much of any political bargaining. Oddly enough, parties that typically supported reforms if they promoted their reelection interests backed two reforms to advance the stability of the republic. Indeed, the establishment of a 40 percent qualified plurality system with second round runoff by 1936 was part of a much broader struggle to establish rules of political succession acceptable to a fluid and intensely competitive party system, one that gradually eliminated the role of intermediate, representative bodies in presidential selection. This finding suggests that durable institutions take time to construct and that they are not always the product of foresight or clever calculation.
Description
Keywords
Elecciones, Costa Rica, Constitución
Citation
http://www.asamblea.go.cr/sd/publicaciones%20a%20texto%20completo%20%20revistas/forms/allitems.aspx