Estrategias analgésicas para la cirugía de reemplazo total de rodilla en el paciente adulto
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Castro Barquero, Felipe
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Abstract
La cirugía de reemplazo total de rodilla (CRTR) es un procedimiento que en
los últimos años ha venido en incremento, asociado al aumento de la esperanza de
vida en la población. Es bien sabido que se trata de una cirugía que puede llegar a
generar niveles elevados de dolor en el paciente si no se aborda de una manera
óptima.
Con las técnicas actuales se busca un control óptimo del dolor asociado a
una reducción en el consumo de opioides, una deambulación temprana por parte
del paciente y acortar las estancias hospitalarias al mínimo.
En este trabajo se pretende abordar integralmente la anatomía de la rodilla
(prestando especial atención a la inervación) en función de la técnica quirúrgica y,
además, recomendar las técnicas analgésicas más adecuadas, con base en la
evidencia actual y tomando en cuenta las posibles limitaciones que se podrían
presentar a nivel hospitalario. Finalmente, se plantea un flujograma basado en la
evidencia para manejar al paciente que va a ser sometido a la cirugía de reemplazo
total de rodilla.
vi Summary Total knee arthroplasty is a procedure that has been done more often in recent years, this is associated with the increase of life expectancy in the population. It is well known that this is a surgery that can generate important levels of pain in the patient if it is not optimally treated. With current techniques optimal control of pain associated with a reduction in the consumption of opioids, early ambulation by the patient and shortening hospital stays to a minimum is sought. This paper aims to comprehensively describe the anatomy of the knee (paying special attention to the innervation) based on the surgical technique and also recommend the most appropriate analgesic techniques based on current evidence and considering limitations that could arise at the hospital. Finally, an evidence- based flowchart is proposed to manage the patient who is undergoing total knee arthroplasty.
vi Summary Total knee arthroplasty is a procedure that has been done more often in recent years, this is associated with the increase of life expectancy in the population. It is well known that this is a surgery that can generate important levels of pain in the patient if it is not optimally treated. With current techniques optimal control of pain associated with a reduction in the consumption of opioids, early ambulation by the patient and shortening hospital stays to a minimum is sought. This paper aims to comprehensively describe the anatomy of the knee (paying special attention to the innervation) based on the surgical technique and also recommend the most appropriate analgesic techniques based on current evidence and considering limitations that could arise at the hospital. Finally, an evidence- based flowchart is proposed to manage the patient who is undergoing total knee arthroplasty.
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Keywords
CIRUGÍA, PACIENTE, ADULTO