Bacteriemias asociadas a accesos venosos en hemodiálisis
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Angulo Mora, Sofía María
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Abstract
Resumen ejecutivo
Antecedentes: debido a su estado de inmunocompromiso, los pacientes en hemodiálisis tienen
mayor riesgo de infección con respecto a la población en general y con enfermedad renal crónica. La infección más frecuente es bacteriemia asociada con acceso vascular y es la segunda causa de hospitalizaciones y morbimortalidad en estos pacientes. Así pues, los catéteres venosos centrales tienen 8 veces más riesgo de infección con respecto a fístula arteriovenosa. Cursan además con hospitalizaciones prolongadas, complicaciones asociadas con bacteriemias, recambios de catéter, y, por tanto, altos costos en el sistema de salud, particularmente, con repercusiones tales como deterioro funcional, nutricional y disminución en la calidad de vida.
Objetivo: esta revisión pretende evaluar la literatura actual sobre infecciones asociadas con acceso venoso en hemodiálisis, así como valorar las estadísticas locales e identificar los microorganismos más frecuentes aislados en bacteriemias asociadas a catéter, requerimiento de hospitalización y retiro de catéter asociado con esto.
Resultados y discusión: la prevalencia de infecciones asociadas con acceso venoso en la unidad de hemodiálisis estudiada fue de 46,3 %, mayor a la prevista en literatura. Por su parte, las infecciones asociadas con catéter tunelizado fueron 87,5 %. En el caso de los microorganismos más frecuentes fueron grampositivos (S. aureus 28,1 % y S. epidermidis 21,9 %). Además, los microorganismos gramnegativos abarcaron el 28,1 % de las infecciones, es decir mayor a lo esperado.
Limitaciones: no se logra realizar un estudio clínico, debido a impronta en la respuesta del Comité Ético Científico que produjo retraso en la aprobación del Protocolo de Investigación. Periodo de estadísticas locales corto.
Conclusiones: la prevalencia de bacteriemia por acceso venoso de hemodiálisis fue mayor con respecto a la descrita. En las estadísticas locales las infecciones fueron causadas, predominantemente, por microorganismos grampositivos, más frecuente S.aureus meticilino- sensible. Ciertamente, la mayoría pacientes requieren hospitalización para tratamiento de su infección.
Executive Summary Background: due to their immunocompromised state, hemodialysis patients have a higher risk of infection compared to the general population and those with chronic kidney disease. The most common infection is bloodstream infection associated with vascular access, and it is the second cause of hospitalizations, morbidity and mortality in these patients. Central venous catheters have 8 times higher risk of infection compared to arteriovenous fistula. They also cause prolonged hospitalizations, complications associated with bacteremia, catheter replacement, and, therefore, high costs in the health system, and repercussions such as functional and nutritional deterioration and decreased quality of life. Objectives: this review aims to evaluate the current literature on infections associated with venous access in hemodialysis, as well as evaluate local statistics and identify the most frequent microorganisms isolated in catheter-associated bloodstream infection, hospitalization requirement and associated catheter removal. Results and discussion: the prevalence of infections associated with venous access in the hemodialysis unit reviewed was 46.3 %, higher than expected in the literature. Infections associated with tunneled catheter were 87.5 %. The most frequent microorganisms were gram- positive (S. aureus 28.1% and S. epidermidis 21.9 %). Gram-negative microorganisms accounted for 28.1% of infections, higher than reported. Limitations: it was not possible to carry out a clinical study due to the delay response of the Scientific Ethics Committee that caused a lag of approval of the research protocol. Also, a short period of local statistics were a limitant. Conclusions: the prevalence of bloodstream infection due to hemodialysis venous access was higher than described. In local statistics, infections were predominantly caused by gram-positive microorganisms, most frequently methicillin-sensitive S.aureus. Most patients require hospitalization for treatment of their infection.
Executive Summary Background: due to their immunocompromised state, hemodialysis patients have a higher risk of infection compared to the general population and those with chronic kidney disease. The most common infection is bloodstream infection associated with vascular access, and it is the second cause of hospitalizations, morbidity and mortality in these patients. Central venous catheters have 8 times higher risk of infection compared to arteriovenous fistula. They also cause prolonged hospitalizations, complications associated with bacteremia, catheter replacement, and, therefore, high costs in the health system, and repercussions such as functional and nutritional deterioration and decreased quality of life. Objectives: this review aims to evaluate the current literature on infections associated with venous access in hemodialysis, as well as evaluate local statistics and identify the most frequent microorganisms isolated in catheter-associated bloodstream infection, hospitalization requirement and associated catheter removal. Results and discussion: the prevalence of infections associated with venous access in the hemodialysis unit reviewed was 46.3 %, higher than expected in the literature. Infections associated with tunneled catheter were 87.5 %. The most frequent microorganisms were gram- positive (S. aureus 28.1% and S. epidermidis 21.9 %). Gram-negative microorganisms accounted for 28.1% of infections, higher than reported. Limitations: it was not possible to carry out a clinical study due to the delay response of the Scientific Ethics Committee that caused a lag of approval of the research protocol. Also, a short period of local statistics were a limitant. Conclusions: the prevalence of bloodstream infection due to hemodialysis venous access was higher than described. In local statistics, infections were predominantly caused by gram-positive microorganisms, most frequently methicillin-sensitive S.aureus. Most patients require hospitalization for treatment of their infection.
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Keywords
infección relacionada cateter central, cateter venoso central, enfermedad renal crónica, hemodiálisis, Nefrología, SALUD