Manual de Cuidados Básicos para el Hogar para personas con cáncer de mama que reciben tratamientos oncológicos que asisten a la Fundación Nacional de Solidaridad contra el Cáncer de Mama, FUNDESO
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Abstract
Las personas adultas con cáncer de mama que se enfrentan a procesos de tratamientos oncológicos experimentan múltiples cambios en su salud biopsicosocial y es en el hogar donde principalmente pueden presentar muchas de las afectaciones generadas por las diferentes terapias, por lo que es en este ámbito que resulta primordial abordar las necesidades de conocimiento que surjan en torno a los cuidados básicos que deben realizar para mantener el mayor grado de bienestar posible.
Objetivo: Desarrollar un manual educativo para las personas adultas con cáncer de mama usuarias de la “Fundación Nacional de Solidaridad Contra el Cáncer de Mama”, enfocado en los cuidados domiciliares básicos durante su proceso de tratamiento oncológico. Los objetivos específicos fueron identificar sus necesidades educativas, diseñar el manual de cuidados básicos y evaluar la aplicabilidad del manual educativo mediante el proceso andragógico de enseñanza- aprendizaje.
Metodología: Se fundamentó en el modelo andragógico propuesto por Rojas (2019), adaptando sus cuatro etapas (necesitar, crear, aplicar y evaluar) a las fases de la práctica dirigida: diagnóstico, diseño, ejecución y evaluación; la población participante estuvo conformada por 13 personas adultas y adultas mayores con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama, usuarias de FUNDESO; se aplicaron instrumentos de recolección de información para conocer necesidades educativas y experiencias de cuidado en el hogar.
Resultados: Se identificó en la población carencia de información sobre aspectos generales del cáncer de mama y los cuidados en el hogar frente a los efectos secundarios de los tratamientos, tales como cuidados de la piel y mucosas, problemas gastrointestinales, inmunológicos, cardiovasculares y emocionales, así como alimentación y actividad física; necesidades que fueron la base para la creación del manual educativo auto instructivo, estructurado en cuatro temas principales; manual que fue validado por FUNDESO.
Adults with breast cancer undergoing cancer treatment experience multiple changes in their biopsychosocial health, and it is primarily at home where they may experience many of the effects of the various therapies. Therefore, it is essential to address the knowledge needs that arise regarding the basic care they must provide to maintain the greatest possible well-being. Objective: To develop an educational manual for adults with breast cancer who are clients of the “National Foundation for Solidarity Against Breast Cancer,” focusing on basic home care during their cancer treatment. The specific objectives were to identify their educational needs, design the basic care manual, and evaluate the applicability of the educational manual through the andragogical teaching-learning process. Methodology: The methodology was based on the andragogical model proposed by Rojas (2019), adapting its four stages (need, create, apply, and evaluate) to the phases of guided practice: diagnosis, design, implementation, and evaluation. The participating population consisted of 13 adults and older adults diagnosed with breast cancer, all clients of FUNDESO. Data collection instruments were used to identify educational needs and experiences with home care. Results: The study identified a lack of information among the participants regarding general aspects of breast cancer and home care in relation to treatment side effects, such as skin and mucous membrane care, gastrointestinal, immunological, cardiovascular, and emotional problems, as well as nutrition and physical activity. These needs formed the basis for the creation of a self-instructional educational manual, structured around four main topics, which was validated by FUNDESO.
Adults with breast cancer undergoing cancer treatment experience multiple changes in their biopsychosocial health, and it is primarily at home where they may experience many of the effects of the various therapies. Therefore, it is essential to address the knowledge needs that arise regarding the basic care they must provide to maintain the greatest possible well-being. Objective: To develop an educational manual for adults with breast cancer who are clients of the “National Foundation for Solidarity Against Breast Cancer,” focusing on basic home care during their cancer treatment. The specific objectives were to identify their educational needs, design the basic care manual, and evaluate the applicability of the educational manual through the andragogical teaching-learning process. Methodology: The methodology was based on the andragogical model proposed by Rojas (2019), adapting its four stages (need, create, apply, and evaluate) to the phases of guided practice: diagnosis, design, implementation, and evaluation. The participating population consisted of 13 adults and older adults diagnosed with breast cancer, all clients of FUNDESO. Data collection instruments were used to identify educational needs and experiences with home care. Results: The study identified a lack of information among the participants regarding general aspects of breast cancer and home care in relation to treatment side effects, such as skin and mucous membrane care, gastrointestinal, immunological, cardiovascular, and emotional problems, as well as nutrition and physical activity. These needs formed the basis for the creation of a self-instructional educational manual, structured around four main topics, which was validated by FUNDESO.
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Cáncer de mama, Adulto, Paciente, Tratamiento médico, Guía, Método de enseñanza, Anciano, Calidad de vida, Educación sanitaria, Atención domiciliaria