Propuesta de atención de manejo paliativo del paciente adulto portador de enfermedad de fibrosis quística
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Brenes Binns, Manuel Alejandro
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Abstract
La fibrosis quística es una enfermedad que se considera que afecta al menos a 100 000 personas en todo el mundo, a nivel nacional tenemos actualmente 22 pacientes con fibrosis quística en edad adulta. Las mutaciones en el gen regulador de conductancia de transmembrana (CFTR), gen que codifica el canal iónico epitelial que normalmente transporta cloruro y bicarbonato, conducen a una alteración de la hidratación y eliminación del moco. Por lo tanto, la fibrosis quística clásica se caracteriza por infección e inflamación pulmonar crónica, insuficiencia pancreática exocrina, infertilidad masculina y puede incluir varias comorbilidades, como la diabetes relacionada con la fibrosis quística o enfermedad hepática por fibrosis quística.
Como objetivo general se plantea realizar un análisis de la bibliografía disponible sobre el abordaje paliativo del paciente adulto portador de fibrosis quística e identificar los objetivos de la intervención paliativa en esta población y como objetivos específicos: a) identificar las manifestaciones clínicas del paciente portador de fibrosis quística avanzada, b) describir la historia natural de la enfermedad del paciente con fibrosis quística, c) determinar en la literatura encontrada el abordaje paliativo del paciente con fibrosis quística adulto, d) definir los criterios de enfermedad avanzada en el paciente adulto portador de fibrosis quística y e) Establecer la sintomatología más prevalente y su manejo. Las personas con FQ comúnmente reportan dolor y experimentan depresión y ansiedad en tasas más altas que una persona sana. Con el tiempo en el que avanza la enfermedad, deben tomar decisiones cada vez más complejas sobre los tratamientos médicos y el final de la vida mucho antes que quienes no padecen una enfermedad grave toda su vida, donde un equipo de medicina paliativa hace su intervención. La integración de un especialista en cuidados paliativos puede ayudar a optimizar el equilibrio entre mantener la vida y aliviar el sufrimiento (15,16,17).
El paciente portador de fibrosis quística presenta un reto, dado que tiene arraigado ese sentimiento de incertidumbre sobre su futuro. Por lo cual, hace ineludible educarse y realizar investigación médico–científica por parte del equipo de medicina paliativa de la enfermedad desde su etiología, fisiopatología, manifestaciones clínicas, así como su pronóstico, para que el equipo pueda realizar un abordaje idóneo en el paciente adulto portador de fibrosis quística.
Cystic fibrosis is a disease that is considered to affect at least 100,000 people worldwide, currently we have 22 adult cystic fibrosis patients nationwide. Mutations in the transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), the gene encoding the epithelial ion channel that normally transports chloride and bicarbonate, lead to impaired mucus hydration and clearance. Therefore, classic cystic fibrosis is characterized by chronic pulmonary infection and inflammation, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, male infertility and may include several comorbidities, such as cystic fibrosis-related diabetes or cystic fibrosis liver disease. The general objective is to perform an analysis of the available literature on the palliative approach to the adult patient with cystic fibrosis and to identify the objectives of palliative intervention in this population. And as specific objectives; A) To identify the clinical manifestations of the patient with advanced cystic fibrosis. B) To describe the natural history of the disease in the patient with Cystic Fibrosis. C) To determine in the literature the palliative approach of the adult cystic fibrosis patient. D) To define the criteria for advanced disease in the patient with adult cystic fibrosis. E) To establish the most prevalent symptomatology and its management. People with CF commonly report pain and experience depression and anxiety at higher rates than a healthy person. As the disease progresses, they must make increasingly complex decisions about medical treatments and end of life much earlier than those without a serious lifelong illness where a palliative medicine team makes its intervention. The integration of a palliative care specialist can help to optimize the balance between maintaining life and alleviating suffering (15,16,17). The cystic fibrosis patient presents a challenge because he/she has an ingrained feeling of uncertainty about his/her future. Therefore, it is unavoidable to educate and conduct medical-scientific research by the Palliative Medicine team on the disease from its etiology, pathophysiology, its clinical manifestations, as well as its prognosis so that the team can make a suitable approach in the patient with Adult Cystic Fibrosis.
Cystic fibrosis is a disease that is considered to affect at least 100,000 people worldwide, currently we have 22 adult cystic fibrosis patients nationwide. Mutations in the transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), the gene encoding the epithelial ion channel that normally transports chloride and bicarbonate, lead to impaired mucus hydration and clearance. Therefore, classic cystic fibrosis is characterized by chronic pulmonary infection and inflammation, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, male infertility and may include several comorbidities, such as cystic fibrosis-related diabetes or cystic fibrosis liver disease. The general objective is to perform an analysis of the available literature on the palliative approach to the adult patient with cystic fibrosis and to identify the objectives of palliative intervention in this population. And as specific objectives; A) To identify the clinical manifestations of the patient with advanced cystic fibrosis. B) To describe the natural history of the disease in the patient with Cystic Fibrosis. C) To determine in the literature the palliative approach of the adult cystic fibrosis patient. D) To define the criteria for advanced disease in the patient with adult cystic fibrosis. E) To establish the most prevalent symptomatology and its management. People with CF commonly report pain and experience depression and anxiety at higher rates than a healthy person. As the disease progresses, they must make increasingly complex decisions about medical treatments and end of life much earlier than those without a serious lifelong illness where a palliative medicine team makes its intervention. The integration of a palliative care specialist can help to optimize the balance between maintaining life and alleviating suffering (15,16,17). The cystic fibrosis patient presents a challenge because he/she has an ingrained feeling of uncertainty about his/her future. Therefore, it is unavoidable to educate and conduct medical-scientific research by the Palliative Medicine team on the disease from its etiology, pathophysiology, its clinical manifestations, as well as its prognosis so that the team can make a suitable approach in the patient with Adult Cystic Fibrosis.
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adulto mayor, fibrosis quística, atención de cuidados paliativos, cuidados intensivos