Plan de cuidados para una persona en etapa preoperatoria: reporte de caso
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Abstract
La etapa preoperatoria constituye un momento primordial dentro del proceso quirúrgico, en el cual el cuidado de enfermería cumple un papel clave para la preparación integral de la persona y la prevención de complicaciones. El presente Trabajo Final de Investigación Aplicada tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un plan de cuidados de enfermería para personas en etapa preoperatoria, implementando el Proceso de Enfermería y el modelo teórico de las catorce necesidades básicas de Virginia Henderson.
El estudio se desarrolló mediante la modalidad de reporte de caso, con enfoque cualitativo, en un hospital privado de tercer nivel especializado en ortopedia, ubicado en San José, Costa Rica, durante el año 2024. La población estuvo conformada por dos personas adultas programadas para artroscopía de hombro. La recolección de la información se realizó a través de una guía de valoración basada en el modelo de Henderson, complementada con entrevista de enfermería, examen físico y revisión del expediente clínico. El análisis se llevó a cabo mediante la aplicación del Proceso de Enfermería, utilizando las taxonomías NANDA-I, NOC y NIC.
Los resultados evidenciaron que las principales necesidades alteradas se relacionaron con la movilidad física, el descanso, el autocuidado y el estado emocional. A partir de estas necesidades se identificaron diagnósticos prioritarios como la movilidad física deteriorada y riesgo de infección. La planificación e implementación de intervenciones individualizadas permitió favorecer la preparación física y emocional de las personas usuarias y fortalecer el afrontamiento ante el procedimiento quirúrgico. La evaluación mostró una evolución positiva en los indicadores establecidos. Se concluye que la aplicación del Proceso de Enfermería, sustentada en un modelo teórico y en el uso de lenguajes estandarizados, contribuye a mejorar la calidad del cuidado preoperatorio, promueve una atención integral, segura y humanizada, y fortalece la práctica profesional en el ámbito de la Enfermería Quirúrgica.
The preoperative stage constitutes a fundamental moment within the surgical process, in which nursing care plays a key role in the comprehensive preparation of the individual and in the prevention of complications. This Applied Final Research Project aimed to develop a nursing care plan for individuals in the preoperative stage, implementing the Nursing Process and the theoretical model of Virginia Henderson’s fourteen basic human needs. The study was conducted using a qualitative case report design in a private tertiary-level orthopedic hospital located in San José, Costa Rica, during 2024. The population consisted of two adult individuals scheduled for shoulder arthroscopy. Data collection was carried out using an assessment guide based on Henderson’s model, complemented by a nursing interview, physical examination, and review of clinical records. Data analysis was performed through the application of the Nursing Process, using the NANDA-I, NOC, and NIC taxonomies. The results showed that the main altered needs were related to physical mobility, rest, self care, and emotional status. Based on these needs, priority nursing diagnoses such as impaired physical mobility and risk of infection were identified. The planning and implementation of individualized interventions promoted physical and emotional preparation and strengthened patients’ coping with the surgical procedure. Evaluation findings demonstrated positive progress in the established indicators. It is concluded that the application of the Nursing Process, supported by a theoretical model and the use of standardized nursing languages, contributes to improving the quality of preoperative care, promotes comprehensive, safe, and humanized care, and strengthens professional practice in the field of Surgical Nursing.
The preoperative stage constitutes a fundamental moment within the surgical process, in which nursing care plays a key role in the comprehensive preparation of the individual and in the prevention of complications. This Applied Final Research Project aimed to develop a nursing care plan for individuals in the preoperative stage, implementing the Nursing Process and the theoretical model of Virginia Henderson’s fourteen basic human needs. The study was conducted using a qualitative case report design in a private tertiary-level orthopedic hospital located in San José, Costa Rica, during 2024. The population consisted of two adult individuals scheduled for shoulder arthroscopy. Data collection was carried out using an assessment guide based on Henderson’s model, complemented by a nursing interview, physical examination, and review of clinical records. Data analysis was performed through the application of the Nursing Process, using the NANDA-I, NOC, and NIC taxonomies. The results showed that the main altered needs were related to physical mobility, rest, self care, and emotional status. Based on these needs, priority nursing diagnoses such as impaired physical mobility and risk of infection were identified. The planning and implementation of individualized interventions promoted physical and emotional preparation and strengthened patients’ coping with the surgical procedure. Evaluation findings demonstrated positive progress in the established indicators. It is concluded that the application of the Nursing Process, supported by a theoretical model and the use of standardized nursing languages, contributes to improving the quality of preoperative care, promotes comprehensive, safe, and humanized care, and strengthens professional practice in the field of Surgical Nursing.
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Enfermería, Cirugía, Preparación integral