Caracterización de la infección por Histoplasma capsulatum en pacientes con diagnóstico de infeccion por Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana en el Hospital México, Hospital San Juan de Dios y Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia durante el período de enero de 2020 a junio de 2024
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Abstract
ANTECEDENTES: La infección por H. capsulatum es una causa importante de mortalidad en personas que viven con VIH. Sin embargo, persisten un subdiagnóstico y subregistro que limitan la vigilancia epidemiológica, el diagnóstico oportuno y acceso a tratamiento adecuado. Este estudio analiza las características clínicas, la evolución y mortalidad de la histoplasmosis entre enero de 2020 y junio 2024 en las personas con infección por VIH.
MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico que incluyó 113 pacientes con coinfección VIH-histoplasmosis. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, datos relacionados con el diagnóstico de VIH, presentación clínica de histoplasmosis, métodos diagnósticos y esquema terapéutico. Se calculó la letalidad global y se realizó un análisis de supervivencia desde el diagnóstico de VIH hasta la muerte por histoplasmosis.
RESULTADOS: La letalidad global fue de 20.4% (n=23; IC95% 14.0–28.7). La mediana de edad fue 39 años (IQR 30–44) y predominó el sexo masculino (n = 99; 87.6%); 67 pacientes (59.3%) no se encontraban en TARV al diagnóstico y el 45.1% fueron atendidos en el HSJD. El 95.6% presentó enfermedad diseminada, con predominio de pérdida de peso (70.8%). El tiempo hasta el evento presentó una mediana de 30 días (IQR 11–806); el retraso del paciente 34 días (IQR 21–91) y el intervalo ingreso-diagnóstico 5 días (IQR 1–9). El antígeno urinario fue positivo en el 96.8% de las pruebas procesadas y el cultivo en el 71.8%. El 95.6% fue tratado; solo el 5.6% recibió inicialmente el esquema recomendado por guías
internacionales. La probabilidad estimada de supervivencia fue ≈74% a 30 días, 62% a 90 días y 50% a 180 días; en el análisis parsimonioso la creatinina sérica al ingreso se estableció como predictor asociado a mortalidad.
CONCLUSIONES: La coinfección VIH-histoplasmosis presenta una mortalidad considerable y una manifestación polisintomática asociada con inmunosupresión severa, inflamación sistémica y afectación orgánica. La creatinina sérica se asoció con un peor pronóstico. Se debe considerar la reincorporación de la histoplasmosis a la lista de notificación obligatoria, implementar escalas de severidad para estratificar el riesgo y garantizar la disponibilidad de pruebas diagnósticas y de terapia antifúngica adecuada.
BACKGROUND: Histoplasma capsulatum infection is a major cause of mortality among people living with HIV. However, underdiagnosis and underreporting continue to limit epidemiological surveillance, timely diagnosis and access to appropriate treatment. This study analyzes the clinical characteristics, course and mortality of histoplasmosis among people living with HIV between January 2020 and June 2024. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted that included 113 patients with HIV–histoplasmosis coinfection. Demographic variables, data related to HIV diagnosis, clinical presentation of histoplasmosis, diagnostic methods and treatment regimens were evaluated. The overall case-fatality rate was calculated, and a survival analysis was performed from HIV diagnosis to death attributable to histoplasmosis. RESULTS: The overall case-fatality rate was 20.4% (n = 23; 95% CI 14.0–28.7). The median age was 39 years (IQR 30–44) with a predominance of males (n = 99; 87.6%); 67 patients (59.3%) were not on ART at diagnosis, and 45.1% were treated at the HSJD. Disseminated disease was present in 95.6%, with weight loss as the most frequent symptom (70.8%). The median time to event was 30 days (IQR 11–806), patient delay 34 days (IQR 21–91), and admission-diagnosis 5 days (IQR 1–9). The urinary antigen test was positive in 96.8% of processed samples and culture in 71.8%. A total of 95.6% received antifungal treatment, but only 5.6% initially received the regimen recommended by international guidelines. Estimated survival probabilities were ≈74% at 30 days, 62% at 90 days and 50% at 180 days; in the parsimonious analysis, serum creatinine at admission was identified as a predictor associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: HIV–histoplasmosis coinfection carries substantial mortality and presents with a polysymptomatic clinical profile associated with severe immunosuppression, systemic inflammation and organ involvement. Elevated serum creatinine at admission was associated with worse survival. Consideration should be given to reinstating histoplasmosis on the list of notifiable diseases, implementing severity scales to stratify risk, and ensuring availability of diagnostic tests and appropriate antifungal therapy.
BACKGROUND: Histoplasma capsulatum infection is a major cause of mortality among people living with HIV. However, underdiagnosis and underreporting continue to limit epidemiological surveillance, timely diagnosis and access to appropriate treatment. This study analyzes the clinical characteristics, course and mortality of histoplasmosis among people living with HIV between January 2020 and June 2024. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted that included 113 patients with HIV–histoplasmosis coinfection. Demographic variables, data related to HIV diagnosis, clinical presentation of histoplasmosis, diagnostic methods and treatment regimens were evaluated. The overall case-fatality rate was calculated, and a survival analysis was performed from HIV diagnosis to death attributable to histoplasmosis. RESULTS: The overall case-fatality rate was 20.4% (n = 23; 95% CI 14.0–28.7). The median age was 39 years (IQR 30–44) with a predominance of males (n = 99; 87.6%); 67 patients (59.3%) were not on ART at diagnosis, and 45.1% were treated at the HSJD. Disseminated disease was present in 95.6%, with weight loss as the most frequent symptom (70.8%). The median time to event was 30 days (IQR 11–806), patient delay 34 days (IQR 21–91), and admission-diagnosis 5 days (IQR 1–9). The urinary antigen test was positive in 96.8% of processed samples and culture in 71.8%. A total of 95.6% received antifungal treatment, but only 5.6% initially received the regimen recommended by international guidelines. Estimated survival probabilities were ≈74% at 30 days, 62% at 90 days and 50% at 180 days; in the parsimonious analysis, serum creatinine at admission was identified as a predictor associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: HIV–histoplasmosis coinfection carries substantial mortality and presents with a polysymptomatic clinical profile associated with severe immunosuppression, systemic inflammation and organ involvement. Elevated serum creatinine at admission was associated with worse survival. Consideration should be given to reinstating histoplasmosis on the list of notifiable diseases, implementing severity scales to stratify risk, and ensuring availability of diagnostic tests and appropriate antifungal therapy.
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Histoplasmosis, Infeccion por VIH, Costa Rica, Estudio retrospectivo, Infección fúngica invasiva, Anfotericina B