Estrategias para el manejo seguro y eficaz de la anticoagulación en pacientes hospitalizados: análisis de evidencia y desarrollo de un protocolo local en el Hospital Calderón Guardia
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Abstract
Introducción: El manejo de la anticoagulación en pacientes hospitalizados representa un desafío frecuente en Medicina Interna, dado que requiere balancear la prevención de eventos tromboembólicos con el riesgo de sangrado. La diversidad de indicaciones —fibrilación auricular, tromboembolismo venoso, prótesis valvulares y síndrome antifosfolípido— y la disponibilidad de múltiples agentes anticoagulantes generan variabilidad en la práctica clínica, errores de dosificación, retrasos en el inicio del tratamiento y complicaciones potencialmente prevenibles.
Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura sobre anticoagulación en pacientes adultos hospitalizados. La evidencia se sintetizó por patología y escenario clínico, incluyendo criterios de inicio, duración del tratamiento, estrategias de puenteo, transición entre anticoagulantes, monitorización y ajuste de dosis en situaciones especiales como obesidad e insuficiencia renal. Se identificaron además recomendaciones para el manejo del sangrado, uso de agentes de reversión y educación al paciente al momento del egreso.
Resultados: A partir de la revisión se diseñó un protocolo de manejo local para el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Calderón Guardia. Este protocolo incluye algoritmos de decisión, tablas de ajuste de dosis, listas de verificación para ingreso y egreso hospitalario, y un esquema de seguimiento estructurado.
Conclusiones: La implementación de este protocolo busca estandarizar las conductas de anticoagulación, reducir la variabilidad clínica, mejorar la seguridad del paciente y optimizar el uso de recursos diagnósticos y terapéuticos.
Background: Anticoagulation management in hospitalized patients is a frequent challenge in Internal Medicine due to the need to balance thromboembolic prevention with bleeding risk. The diversity of indications—atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, prosthetic valves, and antiphospholipid syndrome—and the availability of multiple anticoagulant agents often lead to variability in clinical practice, dosing errors, treatment delays, and preventable complications. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted, focusing on anticoagulation in hospitalized adult patients. Evidence was synthesized by pathology and clinical scenario, including initiation criteria, treatment duration, bridging strategies, transitions between anticoagulants, monitoring, and dose adjustments in special populations such as patients with obesity or renal impairment. Key recommendations for bleeding management, reversal agents, and patient education at discharge were also identified. Results: The evidence review was used to design a local management protocol for the Internal Medicine Service of Hospital Calderón Guardia. The protocol includes decision-making algorithms, dosing adjustment tables, admission and discharge checklists, and a structured follow-up plan. Conclusion: Implementation of this protocol aims to standardize anticoagulation practices, reduce variability, improve patient safety, and optimize the use of diagnostic and therapeutic resources.
Background: Anticoagulation management in hospitalized patients is a frequent challenge in Internal Medicine due to the need to balance thromboembolic prevention with bleeding risk. The diversity of indications—atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, prosthetic valves, and antiphospholipid syndrome—and the availability of multiple anticoagulant agents often lead to variability in clinical practice, dosing errors, treatment delays, and preventable complications. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted, focusing on anticoagulation in hospitalized adult patients. Evidence was synthesized by pathology and clinical scenario, including initiation criteria, treatment duration, bridging strategies, transitions between anticoagulants, monitoring, and dose adjustments in special populations such as patients with obesity or renal impairment. Key recommendations for bleeding management, reversal agents, and patient education at discharge were also identified. Results: The evidence review was used to design a local management protocol for the Internal Medicine Service of Hospital Calderón Guardia. The protocol includes decision-making algorithms, dosing adjustment tables, admission and discharge checklists, and a structured follow-up plan. Conclusion: Implementation of this protocol aims to standardize anticoagulation practices, reduce variability, improve patient safety, and optimize the use of diagnostic and therapeutic resources.
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Anticoagulación, Hospitalización, Fibrilación auricular, Tromboembolismo, Medicina Interna