Manejo de la crisis aguda de asma en el servicio de emergencias en los pacientes pediátricos mayores a 5 años durante el año 2023. Estudio de la red de investigación de emergencias pediátricas (PERN Asthma Global Study)
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Abstract
Introducción: El asma es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de la vía aérea. Se caracteriza por la obstrucción del flujo de aire como resultado al broncoespasmo, edema y aumento en la producción de moco. Es la patología respiratoria más frecuente en niños y representa una de las principales causas de visitas a Servicios de Emergencias (SEM). Esto último corresponde a un indicador de control deficiente.
Objetivo: Determinar el manejo de la crisis aguda de asma y los resultados a nivel global de los pacientes mayores a cinco años que ingresaron a los Servicios de Emergencias durante el 2023.
Métodos: Es un estudio observacional de tipo retrospectivo en una población de niños mayores cinco años conocidos sin comorbilidades significativas, quienes consultaron por una crisis de asma al Servicio de Emergencias del Hospital Nacional de Niños durante el año 2023.
Resultados: Se revisó un total de 265 expedientes, donde 176 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La mayoría era del género masculino (57.9 %) con una media de edad de 6.7 años (DS 1.74). El 78 % presentaba síntomas de mal control. Solo 20.4 % reportó el uso constante de espaciador. El principal desencadenante fue una infección viral respiratoria (99.3 %), donde el germen más frecuente fue el rinovirus (39 %). El tratamiento se basó en el uso de salbutamol (96 %), anticolinérgicos (92 %), esteroides intravenosos (67%) y el oxígeno suplementario (86 %). La mayoría de los pacientes fueron hospitalizados (77 %) con una mediana de estancia en SEM 13.5 horas (7-21 horas). La mayoría se egresó con salbutamol por MDI (81.8 %), el 75 % recibió recomendaciones y solo el 22.1 % requirió un plan de acción. El análisis multivariado permitió identificar factores asociados a mayor riesgo de hospitalización como: menor edad, mal control, el uso de esteroides intravenosos y el uso de sulfato de magnesio, así como factores asociados a mayor gravedad clínica como la menor edad, el antecedente personal de atopia y el uso de VNI.
Conclusión: Los resultados de esta investigación permiten identificar que la mayoría de las exacerbaciones de asma se asocia a infecciones respiratorias virales como desencadenante y a síntomas de mal control. Se identificó un uso subóptimo de medidas preventivas no farmacológicas como el uso de espaciador, así como las recomendaciones al egreso y la entrega de un plan de acción para el hogar. Un diagnóstico
temprano junto con un abordaje dirigido, estrategias preventivas y un manejo crónico adecuado, según el grado de enfermedad del paciente, debe ser el punto principal de la terapia del asma.
Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airflow obstruction resulting in bronchospasm, edema, and increased mucus production. It is the most common respiratory disease in children and represents one of the leading causes of emergency department (EMS) visits, the latter being an indicator of poor control. Objective: To determine the management of acute asthma exacerbations and the overall outcomes of patients older than 5 years of age admitted to emergency departments during 2023. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a population of children older than 5 years of age, known to have no significant comorbidities, who presented with an asthma exacerbation to the emergency department of National Children's Hospital during 2023. This study is part of the multicenter "PERN Asthma Global Study." Results: A total of 265 records were reviewed, of which 176 met the inclusion criteria. The majority were male (57.9%) with a mean age of 6.7 years (SD 1.74). 78% presented with poorly controlled symptoms. Only 20.4% reported consistent spacer use. The main trigger was a respiratory viral infection (99.3%), with rhinovirus being the most frequent pathogen (39%). Treatment consisted of salbutamol (96%), anticholinergics (92%), intravenous steroids (67%), and supplemental oxygen (86%). Most patients were hospitalized (77%), with a median length of stay in the emergency department of 13.5 hours (7–21 hours). The majority were discharged with salbutamol via MDI (81.8%), 75% received recommendations, and only 22.1% required an action plan. Multivariate analysis identified factors associated with a higher risk of hospitalization, such as younger age, poor control, intravenous steroid use, and magnesium sulfate use, as well as factors associated with greater clinical severity, such as younger age, a personal history of atopy, and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) use. Conclusion: The results of this study identify that most asthma exacerbations were associated with viral respiratory infections as a trigger and poorly controlled symptoms. Suboptimal use of non-pharmacological preventive measures such as spacer use, as well as discharge recommendations and the provision of a home action plan, was identified. Early diagnosis, along with a targeted approach, preventive strategies, and appropriate chronic management based on the patient's disease status, should be the main focus of asthma therapy.
Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airflow obstruction resulting in bronchospasm, edema, and increased mucus production. It is the most common respiratory disease in children and represents one of the leading causes of emergency department (EMS) visits, the latter being an indicator of poor control. Objective: To determine the management of acute asthma exacerbations and the overall outcomes of patients older than 5 years of age admitted to emergency departments during 2023. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a population of children older than 5 years of age, known to have no significant comorbidities, who presented with an asthma exacerbation to the emergency department of National Children's Hospital during 2023. This study is part of the multicenter "PERN Asthma Global Study." Results: A total of 265 records were reviewed, of which 176 met the inclusion criteria. The majority were male (57.9%) with a mean age of 6.7 years (SD 1.74). 78% presented with poorly controlled symptoms. Only 20.4% reported consistent spacer use. The main trigger was a respiratory viral infection (99.3%), with rhinovirus being the most frequent pathogen (39%). Treatment consisted of salbutamol (96%), anticholinergics (92%), intravenous steroids (67%), and supplemental oxygen (86%). Most patients were hospitalized (77%), with a median length of stay in the emergency department of 13.5 hours (7–21 hours). The majority were discharged with salbutamol via MDI (81.8%), 75% received recommendations, and only 22.1% required an action plan. Multivariate analysis identified factors associated with a higher risk of hospitalization, such as younger age, poor control, intravenous steroid use, and magnesium sulfate use, as well as factors associated with greater clinical severity, such as younger age, a personal history of atopy, and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) use. Conclusion: The results of this study identify that most asthma exacerbations were associated with viral respiratory infections as a trigger and poorly controlled symptoms. Suboptimal use of non-pharmacological preventive measures such as spacer use, as well as discharge recommendations and the provision of a home action plan, was identified. Early diagnosis, along with a targeted approach, preventive strategies, and appropriate chronic management based on the patient's disease status, should be the main focus of asthma therapy.
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Keywords
manejo de crisis, asma, crisis asmática, emergencias, niños, infecciones respiratorias virales, rinovirus, crisis management, asthma, acute asthma exacerbations, emergencies, children, viral respiratory infections, rhinovirus