Estudio transversal: conocimientos y actitudes hacia la Enfermedad de Hansen en los estudiantes de quinto año de carrera del área de la salud (Medicina, Farmacia, Microbiología y Enfermería), Universidad de Costa Rica, II ciclo 2023
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Rivera Chavarría, Ana Leonor
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Objetivo. Analizar los conocimientos y actitudes hacia la Enfermedad de Hansen en los estudiantes de quinto año de carrera del área de la salud (Medicina, Farmacia, Microbiología y Enfermería) de la Universidad de Costa Rica en II semestre del 2023”. Metodología. Estudio transversal en el que se encuestó en línea a estudiantes de Enfermería, Farmacia, Medicina y Microbiología del quinto año, cursando el II Semestre de 2023 en la Universidad de Costa Rica, entre octubre de 2023 y junio de 2024. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizó la adaptación transcultural del cuestionario "An Assessment of Knowledge and Attitudes towards Leprosy/Hansen's Disease amongst Healthcare Workers in Guyana”. Este proceso se llevó en seis fases. Dos traductores bilingües elaboraron versiones en español centradas en la equivalencia conceptual. Estas versiones fueron posteriormente unificadas por un panel de expertos (Versión 1). Luego, se realizó una traducción inversa al inglés, evaluada para garantizar la equivalencia con el cuestionario original (Versión 2). Un estudio piloto con 10 sujetos verificó la viabilidad y comprensión del cuestionario. Tras revisar los resultados, se elaboró la versión definitiva (Versión 3), que consta de 9 preguntas sobre conocimientos, 13 sobre actitudes y 5 preguntas sociodemográficas. Al finalizar el periodo de recolección de datos, se caracterizó y analizó cada una de las secciones del cuestionario, identificando diferencias en función de los objetivos del estudio utilizando estadística descriptiva. Resultados. Un total de 84 estudiantes completaron un cuestionario en línea, con una edad promedio de 25,2 (+/- 3,3) años. De estos, 82 afirmaron haber oído hablar de la enfermedad de Hansen. La distribución por carreras fue la siguiente: 35,4% en Medicina, 23,2% en Enfermería, 12,2% en Farmacia y 29,3% en Microbiología. En términos de residencia, el 54,9% eran de San José, 6,1% de Alajuela, 14,6% de Cartago, 22% de Heredia y 2,4% de Puntarenas. El 64,6% de los encuestados eran mujeres y el 35,4% hombres. El 89% de los participantes identificó correctamente a una bacteria como el agente etiológico de la enfermedad, pero solo el 29% supo que se transmite por inhalación de aire. El 63 % identificó la piel y los nervios como las más afectadas por la enfermedad. El 40% consideró que es curable en ciertos casos. El 36,6% expresó miedo hacia la enfermedad de Hansen, siendo el VIH/SIDA el que provocó mayor temor (68 %). El 53,6% no consideró que la psoriasis fuera peor que la enfermedad de Hansen. Las actitudes positivas incluyen la disposición a buscar atención médica ante sospechas de enfermedad y a comunicar si un familiar está afectado. Un 69% consultaría a un médico, y el 87.80% aceptaría trabajar con una persona afectada, reflejando apertura y apoyo hacia la EH en ámbitos personales y laborales. Conclusiones. Los estudiantes demostraron un buen conocimiento general sobre la naturaleza infecciosa de la enfermedad de Hansen. Sin embargo, se identificaron respuestas incorrectas en la identificación de etiología y la curabilidad de la enfermedad. Aunque prevalecen actitudes positivas, persisten estigmas asociados al temor y la privacidad. Es fundamental la adaptación transcultural de instrumentos para asegurar su validez en diferentes contextos.
Objective: Analyze knowledge and attitudes towards Hansen's disease among fifth-year health science students (Medicine, Pharmacy, Microbiology, and Nursing) at the University of Costa Rica during the second semester of 2023. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in which fifth-year students from Nursing, Pharmacy, Medicine, and Microbiology, enrolled in the second semester of 2023 at the University of Costa Rica, surveyed online between October 2023 and June 2024. Data collection utilized a transculturally adapted version of the questionnaire "An Assessment of Knowledge and Attitudes toward Leprosy/Hansen's Disease among Healthcare Workers in Guyana." The process involved six phases: Initially, two bilingual translators created Spanish versions, focusing on conceptual equivalence. These versions unified by an expert panel (Version 1). Subsequently, a back-translation into English and assessed to ensure equivalence with the original questionnaire (Version 2). A pilot study with ten subjects evaluated the questionnaire's feasibility and comprehension. After reviewing the results, the definitive version (version 3) was developed, consisting of 9 questions about knowledge, 13 about attitudes, and 5 sociodemographic questions. At the end of the data collection period, each questionnaire section characterized and analyzed, identifying differences according to the study objectives using descriptive statistics. Results: 84 students completed the online questionnaire, with an average age of 25.2 (+/- 3.3) years. Of these, eighty-two participants reported having heard of Hansen's Disease. The distribution by field of study was as follows: 35.4% in Medicine, 23.2% in Nursing, 12.2% in Pharmacy, and 29.3% in Microbiology. Regarding residence, 54.9% were from San José, 6.1% from Alajuela, 14.6% from Cartago, 22% from Heredia, and 2.4% from Puntarenas. Among the respondents, 64.6% were women and 35.4% were men. Eighty-nine percent of the participants correctly identified the bacterium as the cause of the disease, but only 29% knew that it was airborne transmitted. Sixty-three percent (52 participants) identified skin and nerves as the most affected by the disease. Forty percent considered it curable in certain cases. Regarding fear, 36.6% expressed fear of Hansen's disease, with HIV/AIDS being the most feared (68.3%). Fifty-three percent did not consider psoriasis worse than Hansen's disease. Among the positive attitudes identified were willingness to seek medical attention in case of suspected illness and communication if a family member affected. The results revealed that a significant majority would be willing to consult a healthcare professional, with 69% opting for a doctor. Furthermore, 87.80% of respondents agreed to collaborate with a person affected by HD. These attitudes reflect a notable openness and support in both personal and work contexts. Conclusions: The students demonstrated a good general knowledge of the infectious nature of Hansen's disease. However, incorrect responses in etiology and curability identified to facilitate understanding of the disease. In terms of attitudes, a general prevalence of positive attitudes observed. However, unfavorable attitudes about social stigma persisted, marked by fear and concerns about privacy. The transcultural adaptation of tools like the questionnaire is crucial to ensure its validity and reliability in contexts different from the original.
Objective: Analyze knowledge and attitudes towards Hansen's disease among fifth-year health science students (Medicine, Pharmacy, Microbiology, and Nursing) at the University of Costa Rica during the second semester of 2023. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in which fifth-year students from Nursing, Pharmacy, Medicine, and Microbiology, enrolled in the second semester of 2023 at the University of Costa Rica, surveyed online between October 2023 and June 2024. Data collection utilized a transculturally adapted version of the questionnaire "An Assessment of Knowledge and Attitudes toward Leprosy/Hansen's Disease among Healthcare Workers in Guyana." The process involved six phases: Initially, two bilingual translators created Spanish versions, focusing on conceptual equivalence. These versions unified by an expert panel (Version 1). Subsequently, a back-translation into English and assessed to ensure equivalence with the original questionnaire (Version 2). A pilot study with ten subjects evaluated the questionnaire's feasibility and comprehension. After reviewing the results, the definitive version (version 3) was developed, consisting of 9 questions about knowledge, 13 about attitudes, and 5 sociodemographic questions. At the end of the data collection period, each questionnaire section characterized and analyzed, identifying differences according to the study objectives using descriptive statistics. Results: 84 students completed the online questionnaire, with an average age of 25.2 (+/- 3.3) years. Of these, eighty-two participants reported having heard of Hansen's Disease. The distribution by field of study was as follows: 35.4% in Medicine, 23.2% in Nursing, 12.2% in Pharmacy, and 29.3% in Microbiology. Regarding residence, 54.9% were from San José, 6.1% from Alajuela, 14.6% from Cartago, 22% from Heredia, and 2.4% from Puntarenas. Among the respondents, 64.6% were women and 35.4% were men. Eighty-nine percent of the participants correctly identified the bacterium as the cause of the disease, but only 29% knew that it was airborne transmitted. Sixty-three percent (52 participants) identified skin and nerves as the most affected by the disease. Forty percent considered it curable in certain cases. Regarding fear, 36.6% expressed fear of Hansen's disease, with HIV/AIDS being the most feared (68.3%). Fifty-three percent did not consider psoriasis worse than Hansen's disease. Among the positive attitudes identified were willingness to seek medical attention in case of suspected illness and communication if a family member affected. The results revealed that a significant majority would be willing to consult a healthcare professional, with 69% opting for a doctor. Furthermore, 87.80% of respondents agreed to collaborate with a person affected by HD. These attitudes reflect a notable openness and support in both personal and work contexts. Conclusions: The students demonstrated a good general knowledge of the infectious nature of Hansen's disease. However, incorrect responses in etiology and curability identified to facilitate understanding of the disease. In terms of attitudes, a general prevalence of positive attitudes observed. However, unfavorable attitudes about social stigma persisted, marked by fear and concerns about privacy. The transcultural adaptation of tools like the questionnaire is crucial to ensure its validity and reliability in contexts different from the original.
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Enfermedad de Hansen, Estudiantes del área de la Salud, Conocimientos, actitudes y práctica en salud, Universidad de Costa Rica, Encuestas y cuestionarios
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