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Ítem Metodología para evaluar la condición de transformadores eléctricos de potencia basada en un índice de salud(2023) Núñez Mata, Óscar; Gómez Ramírez, Gustavo Adolfo; Acuña Rojas, Fauricio; González Solís, CésarEl desarrollo de sistemas de monitoreo de condición que sigue la evolución del desgaste de los transformadores de potencia es esencial para una operación segura y confiable de los sistemas eléctricos. Contar con herramientas de monitoreo de condición se ha convertido en una prioridad de las compañías eléctricas, siendo esto una tarea compleja, ya que la operación del transformador combina distintas solicitaciones. Algunos autores proponen el uso de índices de salud, que recogen, en un solo parámetro, la condición del activo. Para la obtención del índice, se utilizan resultados de pruebas que verifican el estado de las partes. Este será la base para evaluar la salud global y facilitar la identificación de modos de falla. Este trabajo propone una herramienta novedosa que evalúa los transformadores de potencia basada en un índice de salud, sobre la base de una suma de puntajes ponderados. Este enfoque de separar el transformador en dos zonas busca facilitar su diagnóstico y la evaluación. Se logró determinar con criterio experto la importancia de cada prueba, apoyado en la normativa internacional. Los resultados obtenidos en los casos de estudio mostraron un buen desempeño del índice de salud al evaluar cinco transformadores de potencia. El valor del índice de salud calculado para cada transformador coincidió con los resultados de las evaluaciones ejecutadas posteriormente a la realización de las pruebas. Esto indica que avanzar hacia el uso de un índice de salud para evaluar el estado del transformador puede mejorar el seguimiento de la condición de estos equipos.Ítem Generación de supercontinuo con fibra óptica microestructurada de dispersión decreciente y su aplicación en imagen biomédica(2024-01-22) Rosses Monge, John Ivan; Cascante Vindas, JaimeCuando un pulso láser suficientemente intenso se propaga por un material transparente, la naturaleza no lineal del material se pone de manifiesto y es posible la generación de un conjunto de fenómenos no lineales que modifican las características temporales y espectrales del mismo. En concreto, si se dan las condiciones adecuadas, es posible que el pulso sufra un ensanchamiento espectral importante. Este fenómeno se conoce co mo generación de supercontinuo. Específicamente, se examina la generación de supercontinuo utilizando pulsos láser de 1064 nm con una fibra microestructurada de dispersión decreciente que varía su longitud de onda de dispersión cero desde 1030 nm hasta aproximadamente 970 nm. Este estudio se centra en validar el espectro del supercontinuo generado para que cumpla con los requi sitos espectrales necesarios en aplicaciones de imagen biomédica. La metodología de investigación se basa en experimentación, centrándose en la relación entre la evolución del supercontinuo y la potencia de referencia medida en la salida de la fibra. El enfoque experimental implica la inyección directa del haz láser en el material no lineal, y finalmente, se compara el espectro del supercontinuo obtenido con los datos requeridos para aplicaciones en el campo de la imagen biomédica.Ítem A modeling methodology to evaluate the impact of temperature on Solar Home Systems for rural electrification(2018) Narayan, Nishant; Vega Garita, Víctor; Qin, Zian; Popovic Gerber, Jelena; Bauer, Pavol; Zeman, MiroslavSolar Home Systems (SHS) have recently gained prominence as the most promising solution for increasing energy access in remote, off-grid communities. However, the higher than standard testing conditions (STC) temperatures have a significant impact on the SHS components like PhotoVoltaic (PV) module and battery. A modeling methodology is described in this study for quantifying the temperature impact on SHS. For a particular location with high irradiation and temperatures and a given load profile, an SHS model was simulated, and the temperature-impact was analyzed on the performance and lifetime of the SHS components. Different PV module temperature estimation models were applied, and the corresponding dynamic PV outputs were compared. The nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) model was found inadequate for estimating PV module temperatures under high irradiance conditions. The PV yield was found to be affected by almost 10% due to thermally induced losses. When different levels of temperature variations were considered, the battery lifetime was seen to be up to 33% less than that at 25°C. The modeling methodology presented in this paper can be used to include the thermal losses in SHS for rural electrification, which can further help accordingly in system sizing.Ítem A simple methodology for estimating battery lifetimes in Solar Home System design(2017) Narayan, Nishant; Papakosta, Thekla; Vega Garita, Víctor; Popovic Gerber, Jelena; Bauer, Pavol; Zeman, MiroslavThe proliferation of Solar Home Systems (SHS) in recent times hopes to provide an alleviating solution to the global problem of energy poverty. Battery is usually the most expensive but important part of an SHS; it is also normally the first part to fail. Estimating the battery lifetime can help make informed system design choices, and it is therefore an important exercise for an SHS designer. Battery lifetime modelling is often a complex task requiring empirical data or reliance on modelling cell level electrochemical phenomena. This paper presents a simple battery lifetime estimation method specific to the application and candidate battery choices at hand. An SHS application specific simulation is carried out for a year and the effect of microcycles on the battery activity is analyzed. The concept of active Depth-of-Discharge (DOD) is introduced. Cyclic ageing of the battery is thus quantified and relative cycle lives of 2 battery technologies are compared. A delicate trade-off is demonstrated between battery sizing and lifetime. The described methodology is also compared with an empirical model and the lifetime results are found to be within 3.85%. The methodology described in this paper can potentially help SHS designers in making quick, reasonable estimations of battery lifetimes based on the intended application and battery manufacturer's data.Ítem The long road to universal electrification: A critical look at present pathways and challenges(2020) Narayan, Nishant; Vega Garita, Víctor; Qin, Zian; Popovic Gerber, Jelena; Bauer, Pavol; Zeman, MiroslavNearly 840 million people still lack access to electricity, while over a billion more have an unreliable electricity connection. In this article, the three different electrification pathways—grid extension, centralized microgrids, and standalone solar-based solutions, such as pico-solar and solar home systems (SHS)—are critically examined while understanding their relative merits and demerits. Grid extension can provide broad scale access at low levelized costs but requires a certain electricity demand threshold and population density to justify investments. To a lesser extent, centralized (off-grid) microgrids also require a minimum demand threshold and knowledge of the electricity demand. Solar-based solutions are the main focus in terms of off-grid electrification in this article, given the equatorial/tropical latitudes of the un(der-)electrified regions. In recent times, decentralized solar-based off-grid solutions, such as pico-solar and SHS, have shown the highest adoption rates and promising impetus with respect to basic lighting and electricity for powering small appliances. However, the burning question is—from lighting a million to empowering a billion—can solar home systems get us there?The two main roadblocks for SHS are discussed, and the requirements from the ideal electrification pathway are introduced. A bottom-up, interconnected SHS-based electrification pathway is proposed as the missing link among the present electrification pathways.Ítem Quantifying the benefits of a solar home system-based DC microgrid for rural electrification(2019) Narayan, Nishant; Chamseddine, Ali; Vega Garita, Víctor; Qin, Zian; Popovic Gerber, Jelena; Bauer, Pavol; Zeman, MiroslavOff-grid solar home systems (SHSs) currently constitute a major source of providing basic electricity needs in un(der)-electrified regions of the world, with around 73 million households having benefited from off-grid solar solutions by 2017. However, in and of itself, state-of-the-art SHSs can only provide electricity access with adequate power supply availability up to tier 2, and to some extent, tier 3 levels of the Multi-tier Framework (MTF) for measuring household electricity access. When considering system metrics of loss of load probability (LLP) and battery size, meeting the electricity needs of tiers 4 and 5 is untenable through SHSs alone. Alternatively, a bottom-up microgrid composed of interconnected SHSs is proposed. Such an approach can enable the so-called climb up the rural electrification ladder. The impact of the microgrid size on the system metrics like LLP and energy deficit is evaluated. Finally, it is found that the interconnected SHS-based microgrid can provide more than 40% and 30% gains in battery sizing for the same LLP level as compared to the standalone SHSs sizes for tiers 4 and 5 of the MTF, respectively, thus quantifying the definite gains of an SHS-based microgrid over standalone SHSs. This study paves the way for visualizing SHS-based rural DC microgrids that can not only enable electricity access to the higher tiers of the MTF with lower battery storage needs but also make use of existing SHS infrastructure, thus enabling a technologically easy climb up the rural electrification ladder.Ítem Análisis técnico-económico de sistemas fotovoltaicos con almacenamiento de energía para clientes con tarifa residencial en Costa Rica(2023-03-02) Vega Garita, Víctor; Blanco Alfaro, María Isabel; Pérez Mora, AramisComo es conocido, la energía solar es un tipo de energía renovable que por su naturaleza se encuentra intrínsecamente influenciada por la variabilidad del recurso según sean las condiciones meteorológicas y geográficas del lugar. Para contrarrestar dicha variabilidad en la generación, se puede recurrir a tecnologías de almacenamiento como baterías. Estas facilitan la integración de esta energía a la red y la alimentación de las cargas en momentos de baja generación fotovoltaica (FV). En este artículo, se realiza un análisis técnico y económico de un sistema FV que cuenta con almacenamiento de energía por medio de baterías. Para ello, se desarrolla un modelo de un sistema fotovoltaico con y sin almacenamiento de energía, como comparación, para un sistema residencial con tarifa residencial plana. A partir del análisis generado, los resultados obtenidos indican que en términos económicos, es más rentable la instalación de sistemas operando únicamente con módulos fotovoltaicos (basado en el tiempo de retorno de inversión descontado). Por otra parte, a nivel energético los sistemas FV con almacenamiento por medio de baterías, permiten un mayor aprovechamiento de la energía fotovoltaica capaz de extraer el sistema, como es evidenciado por medio de las métricas de autoconsumo y autarquía. Así, este artículo, contribuye al análisis de sistemas fotovoltaicos con almacenamiento de energía por medio de baterías, una tecnología relativamente nueva en el país, colaborando con la generación de conocimiento de sistemas que se prevé cambie sustancialmente los sistemas de eléctricos.Ítem Síntesis de CeO2: propiedades del sol-gel y caracterización de las nanopartículas obtenidas(2014) Vega Garita, Víctor; Matamoros Quesada, Josué; Vega Baudrit, José RobertoEn este estudio se propone un método sol-gel eficiente para la síntesis de óxido de cerio (IV) nanoparticulado y se comprueba con imágenes AFM. La disolución no presenta impurezas, según revelan los análisis por TGA, FT-IR y XRD. Aplicando la ley de Scherrer, el tamaño promedio del cristalito corresponde a 11 nm, mientras que por DLS muestra un diámetro promedio de 9,55 nm. La viscosidad y concentración de las nanopartículas son directamente proporcionales. Significativamente, resulta más fácil recubrir un sustrato de silicio (110) que uno de aluminio puro, según mediciones de ángulo de contacto. A concentraciones de nanopartículas superiores a 13,74 mg/cm3 la disolución filtra completamente las radiaciones ultravioletaÍtem A practical method for considering shading on photovoltaics systems energy yield(2023-10-01) Vega Garita, Víctor; Alpízar Gutiérrez, Verónica; Alpízar Castillo, JoelAlong with the widespread adoption of solar energy, it is fundamental to develop methods and tools that help practitioners during the design phase of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Currently, multiple commercial software can quantify a particular location’s annual energy yield while including the horizon’s shading effect (e.g., mountains, buildings, and trees). To do so, precise information about the PV system’s surroundings is necessary. This information is gathered by specialized equipment or by having access to satellite imagery. Therefore, to offer a more practical approach, we propose a method that requires only a cellphone camera, a fixed point for taking a panoramic photograph, and a compass. Once the panoramic image is taken, the obstacles’ width, height, and altitude are calculated, and the skyline is built. With this information, the method correlates the position of the sun with meteorological data to include the effect of shading on direct irradiation. The method was tested using one–year meteorological data to determine the best orientation of a PV system. The image processing method and the general method were validated by getting PV power generation data and aerial images and comparing them to the method’s predictions. Therefore, we introduce a method that, with low computational complexity, facilitates the study of shading on the performance of PV systems.Ítem Toward Thermochromic VO2 Nanoparticles Polymer Films Based Smart Windows Designed for Tropical Climates(2022-10-10) Murillo Quirós, Natalia; Vega Garita, Víctor; Carmona Calvo, Anthony; Rojas González, Edgar E.; Starbird Peréz, Ricardo; Avendaño Soto, Esteban DamiánThermochromic smart windows have been extensively investigated due to two main benefits: first, the comfort for people in a room through avoiding high temperatures resulting from solar heating while taking advantage of the visible light, and second, the energy efficiency saving offered by using those systems. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is one of the most used materials in the development of thermochromic devices. The countries located in the tropics show little use of these technologies, although studies indicate that due to their characteristics of solar illumination and temperature, they could benefit greatly. To optimize and achieve maximum benefit, it is necessary to design a window that adjusts to tropical conditions and at the same time remains affordable for extensive implementation. VO2 nanoparticles embedded in polymeric matrices are an option, but improvements are required by means of studying different particle sizes, dopants and polymeric matrices. The purpose of this review is to analyze what has been regarding toward the fabrication of smart windows based on VO2 embedded in polymeric matrices for tropical areas and provide a proposal for what this device must comply with to contribute to these specific climatic needs.Ítem Testing a PV-battery Integrated Module Prototype(2018-06-10) Vega Garita, Víctor; Garg, Shiwankar; Narayan, Nishant; Ramírez Elizondo, Laura; Bauer, PavolThe fluctuating nature of solar power generation makes the coupling of energy storage and solar energy inevitable. This paper explores the integration of all the typical components of a PV-battery system in one single module, introducing a prototype of the so-called PV-Battery Integrated Module (PBIM). The electrical and thermal performance of the prototype were studied in order to analyse its behaviour under severe testing conditions. The prototype exhibited an appropriate charging efficiency of 95.7% on average, while the battery pack operated safely (at less than 45°C). When compared to a conventional system (battery and charge controller in a separated manner), the mean solar panel temperature of the prototype was 9.34% higher. However, in terms of power, the thermal losses in the PBIM resulted in an average increase of just 1.3 W (4.6%) in comparison to a conventional system. The testing validated the applicability of the integrated concept in harsh conditions, providing valuable information for future design improvements.Ítem Comparison of PV-Battery Architectures for Residential Applications(2016-04-04) Sulaeman, Ilman; Vega Garita, Víctor; Mouli, Gautham Ram Chandra; Narayan, Nishant; Ramírez Elizondo, Laura; Bauer, PavolThe paper provides a comparison of four PV-battery architectures with dc and ac backbones, in terms of autarky, energy efficiency, battery size and reduction of annual electricity cost. The comparison is conducted based on the residential load and irradiation data from the Netherlands. The effect of different PV generation is also analyzed by comparing the results with irradiation data from Costa Rica. The results show that the ac coupled architecture gives the best performance.Ítem Energy Management System for the Photovoltaic Battery Integrated Module(2018-12-02) Vega Garita, Víctor; Sofyan, Muhammad Faizal; Narayan, Nishant; Ramírez Elizondo, Laura; Bauer, PavolGiven the complementary nature of photovoltaic (PV) generation and energy storage, the combination of a solar panel and a battery pack in one single device is proposed. To realize this concept, the PV Battery Integrated Module (PBIM), it is fundamental to analyze the system architecture and energy management. This paper focuses on selecting a suitable architecture among the different options, while also indicating the control strategy that the converters must follow to ensure appropriate performance. Also, several modes of operation for the complete system are introduced to implement energy management. For the selected DC architecture, two case studies, viz. off-grid and peak-shaving for a grid-tied system, were employed to characterize the response of the model demonstrating its utility to perform maximum power-point tracking, excess solar power curtailment, and battery charging and discharging. The proposed control and system architecture prove to be feasible for a PV battery-integrated device such as PBIM.Ítem PV-Battery Integrated Module as a Solution for Off-Grid Applications in the Developing World(2018-06-03) Vega Garita, Víctor; De Lucia, Diego; Narayan, Nishant; Ramírez Elizondo, Laura; Bauer, PavolThe coupling of solar panels and energy storage is inevitable and especially pertinent in places with no access to the electricity grid. This combination must be modular, providing the opportunity to scale up the system if energy demand increases, but also easy to install and user-friendly. These requirements validate the PV-Battery Integrated Module (PBIM) as a potential solution for stand-alone applications. In this paper, we assess the performance of directly integrating a battery system at the back of a PV panel in comparison to a typical solar home system (SHS) with all the components in a separated manner. The study is carried out using data from a community in the countryside of Stung Treng (Cambodia). First, the optimum battery size and PV panel rating were determined using the loss of load probability metric. Second, the extra PV power losses in the case of (PBIM) were calculated, finding that it is 2.16% less efficient than a normal SHS due to the poorer heat dissipation induced by integrating the converter and batteries at the back of the PV panel. Third, the battery capacity faded by 1% after a year of simulation. Although when compared to a typical SHS PBIM results in slightly higher system losses, the losses are moderated and their impact is minimum when considering the expected benefits derived from using PBIM in SHS. Therefore in this paper, we validate the feasibility of PBIM as a solution for standalone systems in developing countries.Ítem Physical integration of a photovoltaic-battery system: A thermal analysis(2017-12-15) Vega Garita, Víctor; Ramírez Elizondo, Laura; Bauer, PavolSolar-battery systems are still expensive, bulky, and space consuming. To tackle these issues, we propose a novel device that combines all the components of a solar-battery system in one device. This device might help reduce installation cost compared to the current solar-battery systems as well as provide a plug-and-play solution. However, this physical integration means higher temperatures for the components. Therefore, this paper presents a thermal analysis of the physical integration concept to evaluate its feasibility, focusing on the batteries, the most delicate components. The thermal analysis was conducted using a Finite Element Method model and validated with experimental results on a prototype. According to the model, the temperature of the components (battery and converters) reduced drastically by adding an air gap of 5–7 cm between the solar panel and the components. Even under severe conditions, maximum battery temperature never surpassed the highest temperature of operation defined by the manufacturer. Moreover, the maximum battery temperature decreases even further by applying a phase change material as a passive cooling method, reducing it by 5 °C. As a result, the battery pack operates in a safe range when combined with a 265 Wp solar panel, demonstrating the potential of this concept for future solar-battery applications.Ítem Physical Integration of PV-Battery System: Advantages, Challenges, and Thermal Model(2016-04-04) Vega Garita, Víctor; Harsarapama, Anindio Prabu; Ramírez Elizondo, Laura; Bauer, PavolWe present a novel approach to physically integrate a PV module, dc/dc converter, dc/ac microinverter and a battery pack. The main advantages and challenges to realize this integration are presented. Since the thermal management is one main challenge to tackle, a 1D thermal model is developed, and the respective simulation results are obtained.Ítem Constructing accurate equivalent electrical circuit models of lithium iron phosphate and lead–acid battery cells for solar home system applications(2018-09-07) Yu, Yunhe; Narayan, Nishant; Vega Garita, Víctor; Popovic Gerber, Jelena; Qin, Zian; Wagemaker, Marnix; Bauer, Pavol; Zeman, MiroslavThe past few years have seen strong growth of solar-based off-grid energy solutions such as Solar Home Systems (SHS) as a means to ameliorate the grave problem of energy poverty. Battery storage is an essential component of SHS. An accurate battery model can play a vital role in SHS design. Knowing the dynamic behaviour of the battery is important for the battery sizing and estimating the battery behaviour for the chosen application at the system design stage. In this paper, an accurate cell level dynamic battery model based on the electrical equivalent circuit is constructed for two battery technologies: the valve regulated lead–acid (VRLA) battery and the LiFePO4 (LFP) battery. Series of experiments were performed to obtain the relevant model parameters. This model is built for low C-rate applications (lower than 0.5 C-rate) as expected in SHS. The model considers the non-linear relation between the state of charge (SOC) and open circuit voltage (Voc) for both technologies. Additionally, the equivalent electrical circuit model for the VRLA battery was improved by including a 2nd order RC pair. The simulated model differs from the experimentally obtained result by less than 2%. This cell level battery model can be potentially scaled to battery pack level with flexible capacity, making the dynamic battery model a useful tool in SHS design.Ítem Review of residential PV-storage architectures(2016) Vega Garita, Víctor; Ramírez Elizondo, Laura; Chandra Mouli, Gautham Ram; Bauer, PavolThis paper focuses on the most common PV-storage architectures that are designed for residential applications and that incorporate storage devices like batteries, hydrogen systems, supercapacitors, and flywheels. The main motivations and a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the architectures are presented. Moreover, some common approaches to perform intelligent power management are introduced.Ítem Selecting a suitable battery technology for the photovoltaic battery integrated module(2019-10-31) Vega Garita, Víctor; Ali, Hanif; Narayan, Nishant; Ramírez Elizondo, Laura; Bauer, PavolThe use of batteries is indispensable in stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems, and the physical integration of a battery pack and a PV panel in one device enables this concept while easing the installation and system scaling. However, the influence of high temperatures is one of the main challenges of placing a solar panel close to a battery pack. Therefore, this paper aims to select a suitable battery technology considering the temperature of operation and the expected current profiles. The methodology for battery selection is composed of a literature review, an integrated model, the design of an application-based testing, and the execution of the aging test. The integrated model was employed to choose among the battery technologies, and to design a testing procedure that simulated the operational conditions of the PV-battery Integrated Module (PBIM). Two Li-ion pouch cells were tested at two representative temperatures while applying various charging/discharging profiles. After the testing, the LiFePO4 (LFP) cells showed better performance when compared to LiCoO2 batteries (LCO), where for instance, the LCO cells capacity tested at 45∘C, faded 2,45% more than the LFP cells at the same testing conditions. Therefore, LFP cells are selected as a suitable option to be part of the PBIM.Ítem Exploring the boundaries of Solar Home Systems (SHS) for off-grid electrification: Optimal SHS sizing for the multi-tier framework for household electricity access(2019-04-15) Narayan, Nishant; Chamseddine, Ali; Vega Garita, Víctor; Qin, Zian; Popovic Gerber, Jelena; Bauer, Pavol; Zeman, MiroslavWith almost 1.1 billion people lacking access to electricity, solar-based off-grid products like Solar Home Systems (SHS) have become a promising solution to provide basic electricity needs in un(der)-electrified regions. Therefore, optimal system sizing is a vital task as both oversizing and undersizing a system can be detrimental to system cost and power availability, respectively. This paper presents an optimal SHS sizing methodology that minimizes the loss of load probability (LLP), excess energy dump, and battery size while maximizing the battery lifetime. A genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization approach is utilized to evaluate the optimal SHS sizes. The potential for SHS to cater to every tier of the Multi-tier framework (MTF) for measuring household electricity access is examined. The optimal system sizes for standalone SHS are found for different LLP thresholds. Results show that beyond tier 2, the present day SHS sizing needs to be expanded significantly to meet the load demand. Additionally, it is deemed untenable to meet the electricity needs of the higher tiers of MTF purely through standalone SHS without compromising one or more of the system metrics. A way forward is proposed to take the SHS concept all the way up the energy ladder such that load demand can also be satisfied at tier 4 and 5 levels.