Estado de calidad Río Agualote durante los Años 2023 al 2025 en Grecia, Costa Rica: Principales impactos antropogénicos asociados con la calidad del agua
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Bolaños Alfaro, John Diego
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Abstract
El río Agualote constituye uno de los ríos más impactados del cantón de Grecia con descargas de aguas residuales domésticas e industriales, así como por arrastre de residuos líquidos y desechos sólidos principalmente. Se evaluó su calidad fisicoquímica y biológica durante los años 2023, 2024 y 2025, se consideró la estación seca y lluviosa, utilizando el índice holandés de calidad del agua y el índice BMWP-CR, según establece el Reglamento de Calidad de Aguas Superficiales del país, Decreto Nº 33903-MINAE-S; se realizaron muestreos en tres zonas de la cuenca (alta, media y baja), donde se determinaron como parámetros fisicoquímicos relevantes: Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno (DBO5), porcentaje de oxígeno disuelto (%OD), nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH4+), nitratos, fosfatos, turbidez, pH, conductividad, entre otros, así como el índice BMWP-CR a partir de macroinvertebrados bentónicos. Los resultados muestran un incremento progresivo de la sumatoria de puntos del índice holandés, con valores promedio anual de 4 en 2023, 5 en 2024 y 7 en 2025, lo que indica un deterioro de la calidad fisicoquímica, asociada a mayores concentraciones de nutrientes y alta materia orgánica que catalogan el río con contaminación de incipiente a moderada. En particular, se observaron valores extremadamente altos de nitratos en la época lluviosa de 2023, de hasta 390 mg/L ubicados en la zona baja del río, así como un aumento marcado de la DBO5 durante la época seca de 2025, alcanzando un pico de 148 mg/L en la zona alta. El BMWP-CR clasifica el agua del río principalmente en las categorías mala o muy contaminada, con una ligera mejora en 2025 pero sin alcanzar condiciones buenas o regulares. Estos hallazgos confirman que el río Agualote mantiene una condición de contaminación importante que amerita acciones encausadas hacia el saneamiento, el control de vertidos y por supuesto la gestión integral de la subcuenca.
The Agualote River is one of the most impacted rivers in the canton of Greece with discharges of domestic and industrial wastewater, as well as the dragging of liquid and solid waste mainly. Its physicochemical and biological quality was evaluated during the years 2023, 2024 and 2025, the dry and rainy season was considered, using the Dutch water quality index and the BMWP-CR index, as established by the country's Surface Water Quality Regulations, Decree No. 33903-MINAE-S; sampling was carried out in threeareas of the basin (high, medium and low), where the following were determined as relevant physicochemical parameters: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), percentage of dissolved oxygen (%OD), ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH4+), nitrates, phosphates, turbidity, pH, conductivity, among others, as well as the BMWP-CR index from benthic macroinvertebrates.The results show a progressive increase in the sum of points of the Dutch index, from annual mean values of 4 in 2023 to 5 in 2024 and 7 in 2025, indicating a deterioration in physicochemical quality associated with higher concentrations of nutrients and organic matter, which currently classify the river as having incipient to moderate pollution. In particular, extremely high nitrate values were observed during the 2023 rainy season, reaching up to 390 mg/L in the lower reach of the river, as well as a marked increase in BOD₅ during the 2025 dry season, with a peak of 148 mg/L in the upper reach. The BMWP-CR index classified the river mainly within the “poor” or “heavily polluted” categories, with a slight improvement in 2025 but without reaching “good” conditions. These findings confirm that the Agualote River maintains a significant pollution condition that merits actions aimed at sanitation, discharge control and, of course, the integral management of the sub-basin.
The Agualote River is one of the most impacted rivers in the canton of Greece with discharges of domestic and industrial wastewater, as well as the dragging of liquid and solid waste mainly. Its physicochemical and biological quality was evaluated during the years 2023, 2024 and 2025, the dry and rainy season was considered, using the Dutch water quality index and the BMWP-CR index, as established by the country's Surface Water Quality Regulations, Decree No. 33903-MINAE-S; sampling was carried out in threeareas of the basin (high, medium and low), where the following were determined as relevant physicochemical parameters: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), percentage of dissolved oxygen (%OD), ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH4+), nitrates, phosphates, turbidity, pH, conductivity, among others, as well as the BMWP-CR index from benthic macroinvertebrates.The results show a progressive increase in the sum of points of the Dutch index, from annual mean values of 4 in 2023 to 5 in 2024 and 7 in 2025, indicating a deterioration in physicochemical quality associated with higher concentrations of nutrients and organic matter, which currently classify the river as having incipient to moderate pollution. In particular, extremely high nitrate values were observed during the 2023 rainy season, reaching up to 390 mg/L in the lower reach of the river, as well as a marked increase in BOD₅ during the 2025 dry season, with a peak of 148 mg/L in the upper reach. The BMWP-CR index classified the river mainly within the “poor” or “heavily polluted” categories, with a slight improvement in 2025 but without reaching “good” conditions. These findings confirm that the Agualote River maintains a significant pollution condition that merits actions aimed at sanitation, discharge control and, of course, the integral management of the sub-basin.
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Keywords
calidad del agua, índice holandés, BMWP-CR, macroinvertebrados, río Agualote, Costa Rica, water quality, Dutch index, macroinvertebrates