Metodologías de Financiamiento y Valuación de Regímenes de Pensiones de Beneficio Definido
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Este trabajo de graduación presenta dos vertientes: una teórica y una práctica. En la teórica se realiza un abordaje sobre el financiamiento y valuación de regímenes de pensiones de beneficio definido según la literatura. En la vertiente práctica se seleccionó para el estudio el Régimen de Invalidez, Vejez y Muerte administrado por la CCSS el cual es el régimen de beneficio definido con mayor número de afiliados en Costa Rica. Los regímenes de pensiones de beneficios definido se caracterizan por designar los beneficios según un reglamento o ley y la prima se define a partir de dichos beneficios. En este trabajo se abordan los siguientes métodos de financiamiento para dichos regímenes: reparto,
reparto de capitales de cobertura, prima media general y cuota media escalonada. Respecto a las técnicas de valuación se consideran el método de proyecciones demográficas y financieras, así como el método de balances en valor presente actuarial. Al analizar los resultados de los estudios actuariales del Régimen de IVM de la CCSS con cierre al 2008, 2014, 2015 y 2018 se muestra que se alejan de la realidad, pero esto debido a en algunos casos se dió una inadecuada selección de hipótesis, además de decisiones políticas, así como a los efectos de la pandemia del COVID-19; estas últimas situaciones imposibles de predecir, entre otras razones. Los escenarios valuados muestran un IVM no sustentable a largo plazo manteniendo el método de financiamiento.
This graduation work presents two aspects: a theoretical and a practical one. The theoretical aspect addresses the financing and valuation of defined-benefit pension schemes based on the literature. The practical aspect involves the selection for study of the "Régimen de Invalidez, Vejez y Muerte administrado por la CCSS", which is the defined-benefit scheme with the highest number of affiliates in Costa Rica. Defined-benefit pension schemes are characterized by determining benefits according to regulations or laws, with premiums defined based on those benefits. This work discusses the following financing methods for these schemes: pay-as-you-go, pay-as-you-go with coverage capital, general average premium, and stepped average contribution. Regarding valuation techniques, it considers the demographic and financial projection method as well as the actuarial present value balance method. When analyzing the results of actuarial studies of the "Régimen de IVM de la CCSS" for the years ending in 2008, 2014, 2015, and 2018, it is evident that they deviate from reality. This is due, in some cases, to an inadequate selection of assumptions, political decisions, as well as the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic these last situations being impossible to predict, among other reasons. The evaluated scenarios show an IVM that is unsustainable in the long term if the current financing method is maintained.
This graduation work presents two aspects: a theoretical and a practical one. The theoretical aspect addresses the financing and valuation of defined-benefit pension schemes based on the literature. The practical aspect involves the selection for study of the "Régimen de Invalidez, Vejez y Muerte administrado por la CCSS", which is the defined-benefit scheme with the highest number of affiliates in Costa Rica. Defined-benefit pension schemes are characterized by determining benefits according to regulations or laws, with premiums defined based on those benefits. This work discusses the following financing methods for these schemes: pay-as-you-go, pay-as-you-go with coverage capital, general average premium, and stepped average contribution. Regarding valuation techniques, it considers the demographic and financial projection method as well as the actuarial present value balance method. When analyzing the results of actuarial studies of the "Régimen de IVM de la CCSS" for the years ending in 2008, 2014, 2015, and 2018, it is evident that they deviate from reality. This is due, in some cases, to an inadequate selection of assumptions, political decisions, as well as the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic these last situations being impossible to predict, among other reasons. The evaluated scenarios show an IVM that is unsustainable in the long term if the current financing method is maintained.
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Keywords
Regímenes de pensiones, Valuación de Regímenes de pensiones, Beneficio definido