Caracterización sectorial de la caprinocultura en Costa Rica
Fecha
2017-12
Tipo
artículo original
Autores
Chacón Villalobos, Alejandro
Mora Valverde, David
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Editor
Resumen
Este estudio buscó establecer las características técnico-productivas del sector caprinocultor costarricense, abordando 313 productores en todo el país. Se utilizó una herramienta de diagnóstico que consideró la sociografía de los productores, las razas existentes, el manejo nutricional, reproductivo, y sanitario, la obtención y manejo de la leche, su transformación en productos derivados, su comercialización y las percepciones de los productores hacia el sector. La actividad caprina reflejó componentes multifactoriales de difícil generalización. La mayoría de los hatos se localizan en la provincia de Alajuela, y están conformados mayoritariamente por animales de la raza Saanen. Los productores son principalmente hombres, de una escolaridad media y que usualmente no están agremiados. Estos suelen recurrir a prácticas zootécnicas muy básicas que emulan sin mayor acierto las de especies mayores. El nivel educativo y la contratación de mano de obra externa, fueron los aspectos más relacionados con una mayor cantidad de animales por hato. El semiestabulado, la detección empírica del celo, la poca utilización de procedimientos reproductivos de planificación productiva, la atención del hato por parte de productor, la reconversión empírica de desechos en abono, el limitado uso de registros y el ordeño manual son prácticas muy generalizadas. Los principales productos caprinos manufacturados son respectivamente la leche cruda, pasteurizada, el queso fresco y el yogur, lo cuales se expenden a precios muy variables. Para una mayor productividad y crecimiento, el sector requiere de una mejor gestión de la información, de programas estructurados de asesoría técnica, una mayor tecnificación y una mejora del manejo zootécnico general.
Sectoral characterization of goat farming in Costa Rica. This study sought to establish the technical-productive characteristics of the Costa Rican goat breeding sector, addressing 313 producers throughout the country. A diagnostic tool was used that considered the sociography of the producers, the existingbreeds, the nutritional, reproductive and sanitary management, milking proceduresand handling of the milk, its transformation into dairyproducts, its commercialization and the producer's perceptions towards the sector. Caprine activity reflected multifactorial components of difficult generalization. The majority of the herds are located in the province of Alajuela, and they are formed mainly by animals of the Saanenbreed.The producers are mainly men with mediumschooling, andwho are usually not membersof any association. They tend to resort to very basic zootechnical practices that emulate the ones used withlarger species. A highereducation, and the hiring of external labor were the aspects most related to a greater number of animals per herd.Partial animal stall, empirical detection of heat, pregnancy by natural mating, feeding by grassing and by cut forage, personalized care of the herd, reconversion of waste into fertilizer, limited use of logs and manual milking are very widespread practices.The main dairy products are rawmilk, pasteurizedmilk, fresh cheese and yogurt respectively, which are sold at very variable prices. For increased productivity and growth, the sector requires better information management, structured technical advice programs, improved technology and improved general husbandry management.
Sectoral characterization of goat farming in Costa Rica. This study sought to establish the technical-productive characteristics of the Costa Rican goat breeding sector, addressing 313 producers throughout the country. A diagnostic tool was used that considered the sociography of the producers, the existingbreeds, the nutritional, reproductive and sanitary management, milking proceduresand handling of the milk, its transformation into dairyproducts, its commercialization and the producer's perceptions towards the sector. Caprine activity reflected multifactorial components of difficult generalization. The majority of the herds are located in the province of Alajuela, and they are formed mainly by animals of the Saanenbreed.The producers are mainly men with mediumschooling, andwho are usually not membersof any association. They tend to resort to very basic zootechnical practices that emulate the ones used withlarger species. A highereducation, and the hiring of external labor were the aspects most related to a greater number of animals per herd.Partial animal stall, empirical detection of heat, pregnancy by natural mating, feeding by grassing and by cut forage, personalized care of the herd, reconversion of waste into fertilizer, limited use of logs and manual milking are very widespread practices.The main dairy products are rawmilk, pasteurizedmilk, fresh cheese and yogurt respectively, which are sold at very variable prices. For increased productivity and growth, the sector requires better information management, structured technical advice programs, improved technology and improved general husbandry management.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Sistemas caprinos, Derivados lácteos caprinos, Producción láctea, Rumiantes menores, Goat systems, Goat dairy products, Dairy production, Small ruminants