Low diversity and host specificity in the gut microbiome community in species of Eciton army ants (Formicidae: Dorylinae) in a Costa Rican rainforest

Abstract

Neotropical army ants of the genus Eciton are top arthropod predators in tropical rainforests. Microbial symbionts, including Unclassified Firmicutes (UF) and Unclassified Entomoplasmatales (UE), are associated with this genus and likely play a significant role in the biology of these ants. While previous work focused on army ant-gut microbe associations across large geographic scales, here we report a community survey of the gut microbes colonizing the six sympatric Eciton army ant species in a single Costa Rican location. Furthermore, we characterized the gut microbiota associated with different army ant castes in the swarm-raiding species E. burchellii. We employed a combination of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, fluorescent and electron microscopy to identify gut microbes and to verify their presence in ant guts. We also measured the diversity and interaction specificity of the ant–gut microbe interaction network. The two most dominant OTU phylotypes in all species were related to UF and UE previously found in army ants, followed by OTUs assigned to the genus Weissella. Furthermore, the worker castes of E. burchellii shared a similar gut microbiota, also dominated by these two potential symbionts. Overall, we found a low diversity of gut microbes and a low interaction specificity between army ants and microbes at the community level, mainly because most microbe strains were detected in various Eciton species. These results were confirmed by microscopy techniques, as FISH analyses documented the presence of the two dominant phylotypes within ant guts and electron microscopy located bacterial biofilms in the hindgut near the microvilli, whose morphology suggest that these bacteria probably belong to the dominant phylotypes UE and UF. Taken together, our results confirm that the Eciton’s gut microbiome is consistently dominated by a few species of specialized bacteria that may improve nutrient uptake efficiency of host ants. Further research should employ multi-omics and culture-dependent strategies to fully understand the role of these potential symbionts in ant ecophysiology.