Explorando la patogenicidad de especies no descritas filogenéticamente emparentadas con Clostridioides difficile y Clostridium perfringens e implicadas en infecciones comunitarias en humanos
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Abstract
Las bacterias anaerobias esporuladas de los géneros Clostridioides y Clostridium incluyen especies de alta relevancia clínica, como Clostridioides difficile y Clostridium perfringens, responsables de infecciones intestinales y sistémicas severas. En años recientes, análisis genómicos han revelado la existencia de linajes divergentes estrechamente relacionados con estas especies, aislados tanto de fuentes clínicas como ambientales, cuyo potencial patogénico no ha sido completamente caracterizado. El objetivo de esta tesis fue evaluar las propiedades de virulencia de nuevas especies de Clostridioides y Clostridium mediante un enfoque integrado que combinó análisis genómicos, ensayos in vitro y modelos experimentales in vivo.
En el primer eje del estudio, se analizaron cepas de origen clínico y ambiental de Clostridioides relacionadas con C. difficile, previamente identificadas como clados crípticos y referidas en este trabajo como “Cd-like” strains. Los resultados demostraron que estas cepas producen toxinas activas capaces de inducir efectos citopáticos en cultivos celulares, así como alteraciones epiteliales y una respuesta inflamatoria comparable a la observada con C. difficile en el modelo murino de asa ileal ligada. El potencial patogénico de los aislamientos ambientales resalta la relevancia de los reservorios no clínicos para este género.
El segundo eje se centró en el estudio de dos aislamientos clínicos de Clostridium relacionados con C. perfringens, previamente caracterizados a nivel genómico como especies no clasificadas. Se evaluó la actividad de la fosfolipasa C (PLC) y su capacidad de inducir daño tisular en un modelo murino de gangrena gaseosa. Los resultados demostraron que, a pesar de la divergencia en la secuencia de la PLC, estas cepas conservan actividad fosfolipasa, hemolítica y citotóxica, y son capaces de reproducir características clave de la mionecrosis clostridial. El análisis proteómico reveló variabilidad entre cepas y sugirió diferencias metabólicas y regulatorias que podrían modular la expresión de la virulencia.
En conjunto, los resultados indican que linajes divergentes de Clostridioides y Clostridium circulantes en Costa Rica poseen características patogénicas funcionales, aunque heterogéneas, que no pueden explicarse únicamente por la presencia o cantidad de toxinas. Estos hallazgos resaltan la naturaleza multifactorial de la virulencia clostridial y subrayan la importancia de integrar enfoques genómicos y experimentales para mejorar la vigilancia, el diagnóstico y la comprensión del riesgo asociado a estos microorganismos desde una perspectiva de One Health.
Spore-forming anaerobic bacteria of the genera Clostridioides and Clostridium include clinically important species such as Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens, which are responsible for severe intestinal and systemic infections. In recent years, genomic analyses have revealed the existence of divergent lineages closely related to these species, isolated from both clinical and environmental sources, whose pathogenic potential has not been fully characterized. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the virulence properties of novel Clostridioides and Clostridium species using an integrated approach combining genomic analyses, in vitro assays, and experimental in vivo models. In the first chapter of the study, clinical and environmental Clostridioides isolates related to C. difficile, previously identified as cryptic clades and referred to in this work as Cd-like strains, were analyzed. The results demonstrated that these strains produce active toxins capable of inducing cytopathic effects in cell cultures, as well as epithelial damage and inflammatory responses comparable to those observed with C. difficile in a murine ligated ileal loop model. The pathogenic potential of environmental isolates highlights the relevance of non-clinical reservoirs for this genus. The second chapter is focused on two clinical Clostridium isolates related to C. perfringens, previously characterized by genomic methods as unclassified species. Phospholipase C (PLC) activity and the ability to induce tissue damage were evaluated using a murine gas gangrene model. Despite divergence in PLC sequence, these strains retained phospholipase, hemolytic, and cytotoxic activities and were capable of reproducing key features of clostridial myonecrosis. Proteomic analyses revealed strain-level variability and suggested metabolic and regulatory differences that may modulate virulent expression. Overall, the results indicate that divergent Clostridioides and Clostridium lineages circulating in Costa Rica possess functionally relevant, though heterogeneous, pathogenic traits that cannot be explained solely by the presence or abundance of toxins. These findings underscore the multifactorial nature of clostridial virulence and highlight the importance of integrating genomic and experimental approaches to improve surveillance, diagnostics, and risk assessment from a One Health perspective.
Spore-forming anaerobic bacteria of the genera Clostridioides and Clostridium include clinically important species such as Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens, which are responsible for severe intestinal and systemic infections. In recent years, genomic analyses have revealed the existence of divergent lineages closely related to these species, isolated from both clinical and environmental sources, whose pathogenic potential has not been fully characterized. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the virulence properties of novel Clostridioides and Clostridium species using an integrated approach combining genomic analyses, in vitro assays, and experimental in vivo models. In the first chapter of the study, clinical and environmental Clostridioides isolates related to C. difficile, previously identified as cryptic clades and referred to in this work as Cd-like strains, were analyzed. The results demonstrated that these strains produce active toxins capable of inducing cytopathic effects in cell cultures, as well as epithelial damage and inflammatory responses comparable to those observed with C. difficile in a murine ligated ileal loop model. The pathogenic potential of environmental isolates highlights the relevance of non-clinical reservoirs for this genus. The second chapter is focused on two clinical Clostridium isolates related to C. perfringens, previously characterized by genomic methods as unclassified species. Phospholipase C (PLC) activity and the ability to induce tissue damage were evaluated using a murine gas gangrene model. Despite divergence in PLC sequence, these strains retained phospholipase, hemolytic, and cytotoxic activities and were capable of reproducing key features of clostridial myonecrosis. Proteomic analyses revealed strain-level variability and suggested metabolic and regulatory differences that may modulate virulent expression. Overall, the results indicate that divergent Clostridioides and Clostridium lineages circulating in Costa Rica possess functionally relevant, though heterogeneous, pathogenic traits that cannot be explained solely by the presence or abundance of toxins. These findings underscore the multifactorial nature of clostridial virulence and highlight the importance of integrating genomic and experimental approaches to improve surveillance, diagnostics, and risk assessment from a One Health perspective.
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Keywords
Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, bacterias, infecciones, Toxinas bacterianas