Evaluación de la producción de biomasa y calidad nutricional del pasto suazi (Digitaria Swazilandensis) a diferentes edades de corta, niveles crecientes de fertilización nitrogenada y su comportamiento en condiciones de pastoreo
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Campos Zúñiga, Juan José
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Se evaluó la producción de biomasa y la calidad nutricional del pasto Suazi (Digitaria swazilandensis) a diferentes edades de corta, niveles crecientes de fertilización nitrogenada y su comportamiento en condiciones de pastoreo. La primera etapa se cosechó a 35 días de rebrote y se evaluaron cuatro dosis incrementales de nitrógeno (0 [control], 100, 200 y 300 kg de N ha-1) a base de urea. Las variables cuantificadas fueron materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), digestibilidad in vitro de la MS (DIVMS), fibra detergente neutra (FDN), fibra detergente ácida (FDA), lignina detergente ácida (LDA), extracto etéreo (EE) y cenizas (Ce). El tratamiento control fue significativamente diferente (p<0,05) respecto a los tratamientos 2, 3 y 4 en las variables MS, PC, LDA y Ce, viéndose estos parámetros influenciados por la aplicación de nitrógeno. Las variables DIVMS, FDN, FDA y EE no mostraron diferencias significativas (p>0,05) por efecto de los tratamientos. En la segunda etapa se evaluó el efecto de 2 edades de corta (35 días y 70 días de rebrote) con las mismas 4 dosis incrementales de N para conocer el efecto sobre la cantidad de biomasa y la calidad nutricional del pasto. Las variables evaluadas fueron producción materia fresca (MF), biomasa seca, contenido MS, PC, FDN, FDA, LDA, DIVMS, digestibilidad in vitro de la FDN (DIVFDN), EE y Ce. Las variables de producción de biomasa, contenido de PC, LDA y DIVFDN se vieron influenciadas de forma significativa (p<0,05) por los factores de edad de corta, dosis de N aplicado y su interacción. Los contenidos de FDN, FDA, DIVMS y Ce solamente se vieron afectados significativamente por la edad de corta; mientras que el contenido de MS y el EE únicamente presentaron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en respuesta al factor de fertilización. En la tercer y última etapa, se evaluó el efecto del pastoreo sobre la productividad, la calidad nutricional y el consumo voluntario del heno de pasto Suazi. Se comparó heno convencional con 120 días de rebrote sin haberse expuesto a pastoreo frente a heno de pasto sometido a pastoreo durante 60 días y con 60 días posteriores de recuperación. Tanto el heno convencional como el heno de pastoreo fueron sometidos a pruebas de consumo con terneras confinadas en etapa post destete. Las variables evaluadas fueron cantidad de pacas de heno producidas por ha, contenido nutricional del heno, producción de carne en pie por ha, porcentaje de aprovechamiento forrajero de los animales en pastoreo y consumo voluntario de los 2 tipos de heno con animales estabulados. La producción de pacas fue mayor para el tratamiento de heno convencional con 358 pacas de 18 kg ha-1 comparado con las 322 pacas ha-1 producidas en el tratamiento de heno sometido a pastoreo. Los 22 animales en pastoreo tuvieron un aprovechamiento del 23,66% de la pastura, equivalente a un consumo de 6,16 kg de MS animal-1 día-1, equivalente a un 1,74% del peso vivo. Su peso inicial fue de 353 kg y obtuvieron un peso final de 406 kg en 60 días de evaluación equivalente a una ganancia de peso promedio de 883 gr animal-1 día-1, con un suplemento proteico de 2,25 kg MS animal-1 día-1. La cantidad de carne producida en las 10 hectáreas pastoreadas y posteriormente henificadas fue de 1166 kg, es decir 116,6 kg de carne en pie ha-1. La calidad del heno producido de manera convencional tuvo valores promedio de 90,10% MS; 4,05% PC; 63,40% FDN; 30,20% FDA; 2,90% LDA; 60,40% DIVMS y 38,00% DIVFDN, mientras el heno de pastoreo presentó 89,50% MS; 10,42% PC; 66,00% FDN; 32,20% FDA; 3,10% LDA; 60,90% DIVMS y 40,70% DIVFDN. En cuanto al consumo voluntario de heno con animales estabulados fue mayor el consumo del heno de pastoreo con 60 días posteriores de recuperación, obteniéndose un consumo de MS de 3,01 kg animal-1 día-1 equivalente a un 1,68% del PV de los animales. Mientras que los animales que consumieron heno convencional sin pastorear con 120 días de recuperación tuvieron un consumo voluntario de 2,86 kg animal-1 día-1 equivalente a un 1,59% del PV. Ambos grupos fueron suplementados con 2 kg de alimento balanceado adicional al heno, obteniendo ganancias diarias de peso de 420 g para los que consumieron heno de pastoreo y 365 g para los que se les ofreció heno convencional. Se concluye que el manejo de la edad de rebrote, la dosis de nitrógeno y inclusión de pastoreo juegan un papel determinante en la cantidad, calidad y el consumo voluntario del pasto Suazi tanto en fresco como henificado.
The biomass production and nutritional quality of Suazi grass (Digitaria swazilandensis) were evaluated at different cutting ages, increasing levels of nitrogen fertilization, and their behavior under grazing conditions. In the first stage, grass was harvested at 35 days of regrowth, and four incremental doses of nitrogen (0 [control], 100, 200, and 300 kg of N ha-1 ) were evaluated using urea. Quantified variables included dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), ether extract (EE), and ash (Ash). The control treatment was significantly different (p<0.05) from treatments 2, 3, and 4 in DM, CP, ADL, and Ash, with these parameters being influenced by nitrogen application. Variables IVDMD, NDF, ADF, and EE showed no significant differences (p>0.05) due to treatments. In the second stage, the effect of two cutting ages (35 days and 70 days of regrowth) with the same four incremental doses of N was evaluated to understand their effect on biomass quantity and nutritional quality. Evaluated variables included fresh matter production (FM), dry matter biomass, DM content, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, IVDMD, in vitro digestibility of NDF (IVDNDF), EE, and Ash. Biomass production variables, CP content, ADL, and IVDNDF were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by cutting age, applied N dose, and their interaction. NDF, ADF, IVDMD, and Ash contents were only significantly affected by cutting age, while DM content and EE only showed significant differences (p<0.05) in response to fertilization. In the third and final stage, the effect of grazing on productivity, nutritional quality, and voluntary intake of Suazi grass hay was evaluated. Conventional hay with 120 days of regrowth not exposed to grazing was compared to grazed grass hay for 60 days followed by 60 days of recovery. Both types of hay were tested for intake with post-weaning confined calves. Evaluated variables included hay bale production per ha, hay nutritional content, live weight gain per ha, grazing animal forage utilization percentage, and voluntary intake of both hay types by confined animals. Bale production was higher for conventional hay treatment with 358 bales of 18 kg ha-1 compared to 322 bales ha-1 produced in the grazed hay treatment. The 22 grazing animals utilized 23.66% of the pasture, equivalent to a consumption of 6.16 kg DM animal-1 day-1 , which is 1.74% of their live weight. Their initial weight was 353 kg, and they achieved a final weight of 406 kg in 60 days, equivalent to an average daily weight gain of 883 g animal-1 day-1 , with a protein supplement of 2.25 kg DM animal-1 day-1 . The amount of meat produced on the 10 grazed and subsequently hayed hectares was 1166 kg, or 116.6 kg of live weight gain per ha. Conventional hay quality had average values of 90.10% DM; 4.05% CP; 63.40% NDF; 30.20% ADF; 2.90% ADL; 60.40% IVDMD; and 38.00% IVDNDF, while grazed hay showed 89.50% DM; 10.42% CP; 66.00% NDF; 32.20% ADF; 3.10% ADL; 60.90% IVDMD; and 40.70% IVDNDF. Regarding voluntary intake of hay by confined animals, consumption of grazed hay with 60 days of recovery was higher, with an intake of 3.01 kg DM animal-1 day-1 , equivalent to 1.68% of their live weight. Animals consuming conventional hay without grazing with 120 days of recovery had a voluntary intake of 2.86 kg DM animal-1 day -1 , equivalent to 1.59% of their live weight. Both groups were supplemented with 2 kg of additional balanced feed alongside hay, resulting in daily weight gains of 420 g for grazed hay consumers and 365 g for those offered conventional hay. It is concluded that the management of regrowth age, nitrogen dose, and grazing inclusion play a decisive role in the quantity, quality, and voluntary intake of Suazi grass, both fresh and hayed.
The biomass production and nutritional quality of Suazi grass (Digitaria swazilandensis) were evaluated at different cutting ages, increasing levels of nitrogen fertilization, and their behavior under grazing conditions. In the first stage, grass was harvested at 35 days of regrowth, and four incremental doses of nitrogen (0 [control], 100, 200, and 300 kg of N ha-1 ) were evaluated using urea. Quantified variables included dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), ether extract (EE), and ash (Ash). The control treatment was significantly different (p<0.05) from treatments 2, 3, and 4 in DM, CP, ADL, and Ash, with these parameters being influenced by nitrogen application. Variables IVDMD, NDF, ADF, and EE showed no significant differences (p>0.05) due to treatments. In the second stage, the effect of two cutting ages (35 days and 70 days of regrowth) with the same four incremental doses of N was evaluated to understand their effect on biomass quantity and nutritional quality. Evaluated variables included fresh matter production (FM), dry matter biomass, DM content, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, IVDMD, in vitro digestibility of NDF (IVDNDF), EE, and Ash. Biomass production variables, CP content, ADL, and IVDNDF were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by cutting age, applied N dose, and their interaction. NDF, ADF, IVDMD, and Ash contents were only significantly affected by cutting age, while DM content and EE only showed significant differences (p<0.05) in response to fertilization. In the third and final stage, the effect of grazing on productivity, nutritional quality, and voluntary intake of Suazi grass hay was evaluated. Conventional hay with 120 days of regrowth not exposed to grazing was compared to grazed grass hay for 60 days followed by 60 days of recovery. Both types of hay were tested for intake with post-weaning confined calves. Evaluated variables included hay bale production per ha, hay nutritional content, live weight gain per ha, grazing animal forage utilization percentage, and voluntary intake of both hay types by confined animals. Bale production was higher for conventional hay treatment with 358 bales of 18 kg ha-1 compared to 322 bales ha-1 produced in the grazed hay treatment. The 22 grazing animals utilized 23.66% of the pasture, equivalent to a consumption of 6.16 kg DM animal-1 day-1 , which is 1.74% of their live weight. Their initial weight was 353 kg, and they achieved a final weight of 406 kg in 60 days, equivalent to an average daily weight gain of 883 g animal-1 day-1 , with a protein supplement of 2.25 kg DM animal-1 day-1 . The amount of meat produced on the 10 grazed and subsequently hayed hectares was 1166 kg, or 116.6 kg of live weight gain per ha. Conventional hay quality had average values of 90.10% DM; 4.05% CP; 63.40% NDF; 30.20% ADF; 2.90% ADL; 60.40% IVDMD; and 38.00% IVDNDF, while grazed hay showed 89.50% DM; 10.42% CP; 66.00% NDF; 32.20% ADF; 3.10% ADL; 60.90% IVDMD; and 40.70% IVDNDF. Regarding voluntary intake of hay by confined animals, consumption of grazed hay with 60 days of recovery was higher, with an intake of 3.01 kg DM animal-1 day-1 , equivalent to 1.68% of their live weight. Animals consuming conventional hay without grazing with 120 days of recovery had a voluntary intake of 2.86 kg DM animal-1 day -1 , equivalent to 1.59% of their live weight. Both groups were supplemented with 2 kg of additional balanced feed alongside hay, resulting in daily weight gains of 420 g for grazed hay consumers and 365 g for those offered conventional hay. It is concluded that the management of regrowth age, nitrogen dose, and grazing inclusion play a decisive role in the quantity, quality, and voluntary intake of Suazi grass, both fresh and hayed.
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PASTOREO, FERTILIZACIÓN, CALIDAD NUTRICIONAL, PRODUCCIÓN, BIOMASA