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From stability to dysbiosis: Ecological profiling of subgingival biofilms in Costa Rican adults with periodontal health and disease-A pilot study

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Acuña Amador, Luis Alberto
Barboza Solís, Cristina

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Abstract

This pilot study characterized the subgingival microbiota in Costa Rican adults with and without periodontitis, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and ecological diversity analysis. The study sample consisted of 20 participants, including 10 with periodontal health and 10 diagnosed with periodontitis, from whom subgingival samples were collected for DNA extraction and sequencing of the V3-V4 region. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were analyzed to assess alpha and beta diversity, identify indicator taxa, and explore microbial co-occurrence patterns. Rarefaction curves indicated adequate sequencing depth. Although alpha diversity indices were higher in the periodontitis group, the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05), but showed moderate effect sizes. Beta diversity revealed significant differences between groups (PERMANOVA, p<0.05), with greater dispersion observed in the periodontitis group (Betadisper, p<0.05). P. gingivalis and T. denticola were identified as indicator taxa for the periodontitis group. Microbial networks showed distinct ecological organization between groups. These findings support the ecological model of dysbiosis and provide preliminary evidence on the subgingival microbiota in the Costa Rican population, laying the groundwork for future longitudinal studies on the progression or resolution of periodontal disease.
Este estudio piloto caracterizó la microbiota subgingival en adultos costarricenses con y sin periodontitis, mediante secuenciación del gen 16S rRNA y análisis ecológicos de diversidad. Se incluyeron 20 participantes (10 sanos, 10 con periodontitis), a quienes se les recolectaron muestras subgingivales para extracción de ADN y secuenciación de la región V3-V4. Se analizaron variantes de secuencia de amplicón (ASVs) para evaluar diversidad alfa y beta, identificar taxones indicadores y explorar patrones de coocurrencia microbiana. Las curvas de rarefacción indicaron una profundidad adecuada. Aunque los índices de diversidad alfa fueron mayores en el grupo con periodontitis, las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p>0.05), pero mostraron tamaños del efecto moderados. La diversidad beta reveló diferencias significativas entre grupos (PERMANOVA, p<0.05), con mayor dispersión en el grupo con periodontitis (Betadisper, p<0.05). Se identificaron como taxones indicadores del grupo con periodontitis, P. gingivalis y T. denticola. Las redes microbianas evidenciaron una organización ecológica distinta entre grupos. Estos hallazgos respaldan el modelo de disbiosis ecológica y ofrecen evidencia preliminar sobre la microbiota subgingival en población costarricense, aportando una base para futuros estudios longitudinales sobre progresión o resolución de la enfermedad periodontal.

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periodontitis, microbiota, ecology, subgingival space, ecología, espacio subgingival

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Except where otherwised noted, this item's license is described as Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States