Análisis y diseño de soluciones para la problemática del Río Colorado en la zona urbana de Turrialba
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La ciudad de Turrialba sufre inundaciones de forma recurrente, estas se deben a que por esta ciudad atraviesan tres cauces: río Colorado, río Turrialba y quebrada Gamboa, los cuales se desbordan desde hace décadas, y su frecuencia de desbordamientos se ve incrementada por la construcción de obras dentro del cauce que obstaculizan el flujo del agua. Este estudio se enfoca en analizar el río Colorado, y se plantean mejoraras para disminuir la frecuencia a las inundaciones. Para realizar el análisis se dividió la cuenca en cada una de las quebradas que aportan agua al río Colorado antes de llegar al cruce con la ruta nacional N°10. Se realiza la caracterización de éstas y se estiman los parámetros morfométricos.
Para estimar el caudal asociado a diferentes periodos de retorno se utiliza la precipitación de la estación San Antonio, y se realiza la transformación a escorrentía con el método de Número de Curva del Servicio de Nacional de Conservación de Suelos.
Para realizar la simulación hidráulica se usa el modelo bidimensional llamado IBER, con este se analiza el cauce en la condición actual y también se modelan una serie mejoras, buscando incrementar la capacidad hidráulica. Se propone ampliar los dos puentes sobre ruta nacional N° 10, además, modificar el alineamiento de la alcantarilla de cuadro que pasa bajo la terminal de buses. También se propone ampliar el puente del ferrocarril ubicado aguas abajo de la alcantarilla de cuadro (bajo terminal de buses). Con estas modificaciones se logra que el cauce alcance una capacidad cercana a 100 m3/s.
Además, dado que con solo la modificación del cauce no es suficiente para eliminar el riesgo de inundaciones, se analiza la construcción de embalses para amortiguar la crecida. Estos embales se proponen en los cauces de la quebrada Poró, quebrada San Pedro y el río Colocado en la zona alta.
Como último punto se presenta un plan de instrumentación para lograr dar una alerta temprana de los eventos de desbordamiento que sufrirá el casco urbano.
Dada la alta vulnerabilidad que tiene el cantón Turrialba, es urgente la implementación de un plan regular el cual propicie un desarrollo seguro para las futuras generaciones, ya que de lo contrario será muy complicado cambiar las prácticas culturales que han llevado a Turrialba al escenario de riesgo actual.
The city of Turrialba experiences recurrent flooding events, primarily due to the presence of three watercourses traversing the urban area: the Colorado River, the Turrialba River, and the Gamboa Creek. These water bodies have historically overflowed their banks for decades, and the frequency of such events has increased as a result of in-channel constructions that obstruct the natural flow of water. This study focuses on analyzing the Colorado River and proposes measures to reduce flood frequency. For the analysis, the watershed was subdivided into the individual creeks that contribute runoff to the Colorado River upstream of its confluence with National Route No. 10. Each sub-basin was characterized, and morphometric parameters were estimated. To determine the design discharges associated with various return periods, precipitation data from the San Antonio station were used. Runoff transformation was carried out using the Curve Number (CN) method developed by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Hydraulic simulations were conducted using the two-dimensional model IBER, allowing evaluation of the current channel condition as well as the performance of proposed improvement scenarios aimed at increasing hydraulic capacity. The proposed measures include widening the two bridges along National Route No. 10, realigning the box culvert located beneath the bus terminal, and widening the railway bridge downstream of this culvert. With these modifications, the river channel is expected to reach a capacity of approximately 100 m³/s. Furthermore, since channel modifications alone are insufficient to eliminate flood risk, the construction of detention reservoirs to attenuate peak flows was also analyzed. These reservoirs are proposed along the Poró Creek, the San Pedro Creek, and the upper reach of the Colorado River. Finally, an instrumentation and monitoring plan is presented to enable the implementation of an early warning system for flood events that may impact the urban core. Given the high vulnerability of the Turrialba canton, the urgent implementation of a comprehensive management plan is required to promote safe and sustainable development for future generations. Without such measures, it will be extremely difficult to reverse the cultural practices that have contributed to Turrialba’s current risk scenario.
The city of Turrialba experiences recurrent flooding events, primarily due to the presence of three watercourses traversing the urban area: the Colorado River, the Turrialba River, and the Gamboa Creek. These water bodies have historically overflowed their banks for decades, and the frequency of such events has increased as a result of in-channel constructions that obstruct the natural flow of water. This study focuses on analyzing the Colorado River and proposes measures to reduce flood frequency. For the analysis, the watershed was subdivided into the individual creeks that contribute runoff to the Colorado River upstream of its confluence with National Route No. 10. Each sub-basin was characterized, and morphometric parameters were estimated. To determine the design discharges associated with various return periods, precipitation data from the San Antonio station were used. Runoff transformation was carried out using the Curve Number (CN) method developed by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Hydraulic simulations were conducted using the two-dimensional model IBER, allowing evaluation of the current channel condition as well as the performance of proposed improvement scenarios aimed at increasing hydraulic capacity. The proposed measures include widening the two bridges along National Route No. 10, realigning the box culvert located beneath the bus terminal, and widening the railway bridge downstream of this culvert. With these modifications, the river channel is expected to reach a capacity of approximately 100 m³/s. Furthermore, since channel modifications alone are insufficient to eliminate flood risk, the construction of detention reservoirs to attenuate peak flows was also analyzed. These reservoirs are proposed along the Poró Creek, the San Pedro Creek, and the upper reach of the Colorado River. Finally, an instrumentation and monitoring plan is presented to enable the implementation of an early warning system for flood events that may impact the urban core. Given the high vulnerability of the Turrialba canton, the urgent implementation of a comprehensive management plan is required to promote safe and sustainable development for future generations. Without such measures, it will be extremely difficult to reverse the cultural practices that have contributed to Turrialba’s current risk scenario.
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Análisis hidráulico, Cuencas hidrográficas, Desarrollo urbano, Deslizamientos e inundaciones, Gestión de recursos hídricos, Prevención de desastres, Turrialba (Costa Rica), Río Colorado
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