The High-Altitude water cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector

Abeysekara, Anushka Udara; Albert, Andrea; Alfaro Molina, José Rubén; Álvarez, César LLorens; Álvarez Romero, Juan de Dios; Araya Arguedas, Miguel; Arteaga Velázquez, Juan Carlos; Arun Babu, Kollamparambil Paul; Ávila Rojas, Daniel Omar; Ayala Solares, Hugo Alberto; Babu, Rishi; Barber, Ahron S.; Becerril, Ana Delia; Belmont Moreno, Ernesto; BenZvi, Segev Y.; Blanco Alonso, Oscar; Braun, James R.; Brisbois, Chad; Caballero Mora, Karen Salomé; Cabrera Martínez, Jesús I.; Capistrán Rojas, Tomás; Carramiñana, Alberto; Casanova, Sabrina; Castillo, Mario A.; Chaparro Amaro, Oscar Roberto; Cotti Gollini, Umberto; Cotzomi, Jorge; Coutiño de León, Sara; De La Fuente Acosta, Eduardo; De León Acuña, Cederik León; DeYoung, Tyce; Díaz Hernández, Raquel; Dingus, Brenda L.; DuVernois, Michael A.; Durocher, Mora; Díaz Vélez, Juan Carlos; Ellsworth, Robert W.; Engel, Kristi L.; Espinoza Hernández, María Catalina; Fan, Kwok Lung; Fang, Ke; Fick, Brian E.; Fleischhack, Henrike; Flores, Jorge Luis; Fraija Cabrera, Nissim Illich; García González, José Andrés; García Torales, Guillermo; Garfias, Fernando; Giacinti, Gwenael; Goksu, Hazal; González, María Magdalena; González Muñoz, Adiv; Goodman, Jordán Alvin; Harding, J. Patrick; Hernández, Emma González; Hernández, Sergio; Hinton, James A.; Hona, Binita; Huang, Dezhi; Hueyotl Zahuantitla, Filiberto; Hui, Chiumun Michelle; Humensky, Thomas Brian; Hüntemeyer, Petra; Iriarte, Arturo; Imran, Asif; Jardin Blicq, Armelle; Joshi, Vikas; Kaufmann, Sarah; Kieda, David B.; Kunde, Gerd J.; Lara Sánchez, Alejandro; Lauer, Robert J.; Lee, William H.; Lennarz, Dirk; León Vargas, Hermes; Linnemann, James T.; Longinotti, Anna Lía; Luis Raya, Gilgamesh; Lundeen, Joseph; Malone, Kelly; Marandon, Vincent; Marinelli, Antonio; Martínez Bravo, Oscar Mario; Martínez Castellanos, Israel; Martínez Castro, Jesús Alberto; Martínez Huerta, Humberto; Matthews, John A.; Miranda Romagnoli, Pedro; Montaruli, Teresa; Morales Soto, Jorge Antonio; Moreno Barbosa, Eduardo; Mostafá, Miguel Alejandro; Nayerhoda, Amid; Nellen, Lukas; Newbold, Michael; Nisa, Mehr Un; Noriega Papaqui, Roberto; Oceguera Becerra, Tomas O.; Olivera Nieto, Laura; Omodei, Nicola; Peisker, Alison; Pérez Araujo, Yunior Frainen; Pérez Pérez, Eucario Gonzalo; Ponce, Lancho Epifanio; Pretz, John; Rho, Chang Dong; Rosa González, Daniel; Ruiz Velasco, Edna Loredana; Salazar Ibarguen, Humberto; Salazar Gallegos, Daniel; Salesa Greus, Francisco; Sandoval, Andrés; Schneider, Michael; Schoorlemmer, Harm; Serna Franco, José E.; Sinnis, Gus; Smith, Andrew James; Son, Youngwan; Sparks Woodle, Kathryne; Springer, Robert Wayne; Taboada, Ignacio J.; Tepe, Andreas; Tibolla, Omar; Tollefson, Kirsten Anne; Torres Aguilar, Ibrahim Daniel; Torres Escobedo, Ramiro; Turner, Rhiannon; Ureña Mena, Fernando Josué; Ukwatta, Tilan N.; Varela, Enrique; Vargas Magaña, Mariana; Villaseñor Cendejas, Luis Manuel; Wang, Xiaojie; Watson, Ian James; Werner, Felix; Westerhoff, Stefan; Willox, Elijah Job; Wisher, Ian G.; Wood, Joshua; Yodh, Gaurang B.; Zaborov, Dmitry N.; Zepeda, Arnulfo; Zhou, Hao

The High-Altitude water cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector

Fecha

2023-07

Tipo

artículo original

Autores

Abeysekara, Anushka Udara

Albert, Andrea

Alfaro Molina, José Rubén

Álvarez, César LLorens

Álvarez Romero, Juan de Dios

Araya Arguedas, Miguel

Arteaga Velázquez, Juan Carlos

Arun Babu, Kollamparambil Paul

Ávila Rojas, Daniel Omar

Ayala Solares, Hugo Alberto

Resumen

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a second-generation continuously operated, wide field-of-view, TeV gamma-ray observatory. The HAWC observatory and its analysis techniques build on experience of the Milagro experiment in using ground-based water Cherenkov detectors for gamma-ray astronomy. HAWC is located on the Sierra Negra volcano in México at an elevation of 4100 meters above sea level. The completed HAWC observatory principal detector (HAWC) consists of 300 closely spaced water Cherenkov detectors, each equipped with four photomultiplier tubes to provide timing and charge information to reconstruct the extensive air shower energy and arrival direction. The HAWC observatory has been optimized to observe transient and steady emission from sources of gamma rays within an energy range from several hundred GeV to several hundred TeV. However, most of the air showers detected are initiated by cosmic rays, allowing studies of cosmic rays also to be performed. This paper describes the characteristics of the HAWC main array and its hardware.