Diseño, implementación y evaluación de un sistema de enfriamiento evaporativo para vacas en una lechería comercial.
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Introducción. El estrés por calor en el ganado lechero es una problemática creciente, especialmente en climas tropicales como el de Costa Rica. Este fenómeno impacta negativamente la producción de leche, la salud animal y la eficiencia reproductiva. Por ello, se vuelve crucial implementar estrategias de mitigación que mejoren el bienestar del ganado y la rentabilidad de las fincas. Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos de un sistema de enfriamiento evaporativo (SEE) sobre el bienestar, la productividad y el rendimiento reproductivo de vacas lecheras de raza Jersey. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se llevó a cabo durante tres meses de época seca, dividiendo el hato en dos bloques homogéneos: uno expuesto al SEE y otro no expuesto, utilizado como control. Se midieron variables ambientales (temperatura y humedad), fisiológicas (temperatura superficial), productivas (rendimiento de leche y sus componentes), reproductivas (días abiertos y servicios por concepción) y de salud (conteo de células somáticas). Además, se realizó un análisis financiero para evaluar la viabilidad económica del sistema. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron una reducción significativa del Índice de Temperatura y Humedad (ITH) en la zona bajo el SEE, con un descenso promedio de 2,91 puntos, y una disminución de hasta 3,97 °C en la temperatura superficial de las vacas expuestas. Sin embargo, no se observaron mejoras significativas en la producción de leche ni en los parámetros reproductivos. Tampoco hubo aumento en el conteo de células somáticas. Desde el punto de vista financiero, la inversión no fue rentable bajo las condiciones actuales. Conclusión. El sistema de enfriamiento evaporativo redujo significativamente la temperatura superficial de las vacas, sin afectar negativamente la salud de la ubre, pero no generó mejoras en la producción de leche ni en indicadores reproductivos bajo las condiciones ambientales del estudio.
Introduction.Heat stress in dairy cattle is a growing problem, especially in tropical climates like in Costa Rica. This phenomenon negatively impacts milk production, animal health, and reproductive efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to implement mitigation strategies that improve cattle welfare and farm profitability.Objective.To evaluate the effects of an evaporative cooling system (ECS) on the welfare, productivity, and reproductive performance of Jersey cows.Materials and methods.Over a three-month period during the dry season, the herd was divided into two homogeneous blocks: one exposed to the ECS and the other serving as a control. Variables such as temperature, humidity, surface body temperature, milk yield and composition, reproductive performance, and somatic cell count were measured. Additionally, a financial analysis was conducted to assess the economic feasibility of the system.Results.The results showed a significant reduction in the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) in the area under the ECS, with an average decrease of 2.91 points, and a drop of up to 3.97°C in surface body temperature of exposed cows. However, no significant improvements were observed in milk production or reproductive parameters. Somatic cell counts also did not increase. From a financial perspective, the investment was not profitable under the current conditions. Conclusion.The evaporative cooling system significantly reduced the surface temperature of cows without negatively affecting udder health, but it did not improve milk production or reproductive indicators under the environmental conditions of the study.
Introduction.Heat stress in dairy cattle is a growing problem, especially in tropical climates like in Costa Rica. This phenomenon negatively impacts milk production, animal health, and reproductive efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to implement mitigation strategies that improve cattle welfare and farm profitability.Objective.To evaluate the effects of an evaporative cooling system (ECS) on the welfare, productivity, and reproductive performance of Jersey cows.Materials and methods.Over a three-month period during the dry season, the herd was divided into two homogeneous blocks: one exposed to the ECS and the other serving as a control. Variables such as temperature, humidity, surface body temperature, milk yield and composition, reproductive performance, and somatic cell count were measured. Additionally, a financial analysis was conducted to assess the economic feasibility of the system.Results.The results showed a significant reduction in the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) in the area under the ECS, with an average decrease of 2.91 points, and a drop of up to 3.97°C in surface body temperature of exposed cows. However, no significant improvements were observed in milk production or reproductive parameters. Somatic cell counts also did not increase. From a financial perspective, the investment was not profitable under the current conditions. Conclusion.The evaporative cooling system significantly reduced the surface temperature of cows without negatively affecting udder health, but it did not improve milk production or reproductive indicators under the environmental conditions of the study.
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estrés calórico, producción lechera, bienestar animal, índice de temperatura-humedad, raza Jersey, milk production, animal welfare, temperature-humidity index, heat stress