Establecimiento de tres indicadores de eficiencia en el uso de agua para lavado en instalaciones lecheras en Zarcero, Costa Rica
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Castro Calderón, Marco Vinicio
Elizondo Salazar, Jorge Alberto
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Abstract
Introducción. El agua es el recurso más
importante en todo el planeta y existe un claro
reconocimiento de que los efectos de los sistemas
de producción pecuaria y los patrones de
consumo sobre este recurso, deben disminuir en
intensidad. Objetivo. Establecer 3 indicadores
de eficiencia en el uso de agua de lavado en
instalaciones lecheras. Materiales y métodos.
El estudio se llevó a cabo durante el segundo
semestre del 2018, en 23 fincas lecheras, en
Zarcero, Costa Rica. Para los 3 indicadores, se
consideraron 4 variables: 1) agua utilizada para
lavado de instalaciones, estimada por duración
del tiempo de lavado y el caudal utilizado,
2) superficie de piso expuesto a la excreción,
mediante la determinación de las áreas de piso
cementado con presencia animal, 3) animales
presentes, y 4) excretas generadas en las instalaciones, a partir de la estimación del peso
vivo de los animales presentes. Se establecieron
3 indicadores de eficiencia: agua utilizada por
kilogramo de excreta generada, agua utilizada
por animal y agua utilizada por unidad de superficie,
que se analizaron a nivel general y a nivel
de subgrupos de fincas, agrupadas de acuerdo
con el mecanismo utilizado para el transporte de
agua para lavado, y de acuerdo con la existencia
de procesos previos de remoción de excretas.
Resultados. Para el primer indicador, se obtuvo
un rango de 2,7-27,0 litros de agua por kilogramo
de excreta generada; para el segundo indicador,
la mediana fue de 58,5 litros por animal con un
rango de 23,0 a 149,5; finalmente para el tercer
indicador, el agua utilizada por área expuesta
osciló entre 4,7 y 40,6 litros por metro cuadrado.
Conclusión. Existe una gran variabilidad en los
valores obtenidos para los diferentes indicadores
en las fincas analizadas, sin embargo, la información
generada puede servir de insumo para
generar herramientas con el fin de identificar
opciones para maximizar el uso y conservación
del agua.
Introduction. Water is the most important resource on the entire planet and there is a clear recognition that the effects of livestock production systems and consumption patterns on this resource should decrease. Objective. To establish 3 efficiency indicators in the use of water for cleaning dairy facilities. Materials and methods. The study was carried out during the second semester of 2018, in 23 dairy farms, in Zarcero, Costa Rica. For the 3 indicators, 4 variables were considered: 1) water consumption for cleaning facilities estimated by duration of wash time and flow rate used, 2) floor area exposed to excretion, by determining the areas of cemented floor with animal presence, 3) animals present, and 4) excreta generated in the facilities, from the estimation of live weight of animals present. Three efficiency indicators were established: water used per kilogram of excreta generated, water used per animal and water used per unit area, which were analyzed at a general level and at subgroup level of farms, grouped according to the mechanism used to transport water for cleaning, and according to the existence of previous excreta removal processes. Results. For the first indicator, a range of 2.7-27.0 liters of water per kilogram of excreta generated was obtained; for the second indicator, the median was 58.5 liters per animal with a range of 23.0 to 149.5; and for the third indicator, water used for exposed area ranged between 4.7 and 40.6 liters per square meter. Conclusion. There is a high variability within the obtained values for the different indicators in the farms analyzed, however, this information can serve as an input to generate tools to identify options to maximize water use efficiency and conservation.
Introduction. Water is the most important resource on the entire planet and there is a clear recognition that the effects of livestock production systems and consumption patterns on this resource should decrease. Objective. To establish 3 efficiency indicators in the use of water for cleaning dairy facilities. Materials and methods. The study was carried out during the second semester of 2018, in 23 dairy farms, in Zarcero, Costa Rica. For the 3 indicators, 4 variables were considered: 1) water consumption for cleaning facilities estimated by duration of wash time and flow rate used, 2) floor area exposed to excretion, by determining the areas of cemented floor with animal presence, 3) animals present, and 4) excreta generated in the facilities, from the estimation of live weight of animals present. Three efficiency indicators were established: water used per kilogram of excreta generated, water used per animal and water used per unit area, which were analyzed at a general level and at subgroup level of farms, grouped according to the mechanism used to transport water for cleaning, and according to the existence of previous excreta removal processes. Results. For the first indicator, a range of 2.7-27.0 liters of water per kilogram of excreta generated was obtained; for the second indicator, the median was 58.5 liters per animal with a range of 23.0 to 149.5; and for the third indicator, water used for exposed area ranged between 4.7 and 40.6 liters per square meter. Conclusion. There is a high variability within the obtained values for the different indicators in the farms analyzed, however, this information can serve as an input to generate tools to identify options to maximize water use efficiency and conservation.
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Keywords
Ambiente, Ganado de leche, Huella hídrica, Sostenibilidad, Escasez de agua
Citation
https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/agrocost/article/view/45745