Envenenamientos por mordeduras de serpientes en América Latina y el Caribe: Una visión integral de carácter regional
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Gutiérrez, José María
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Abstract
Se analiza la situación de los envenenamientos por
mordeduras de serpiente en América Latina y el Caribe, los
cuales representan un importante problema de Salud Pública
en la región. Esta patología afecta, fundamentalmente, a la
población rural de nuestros países, y tiene un alto impacto
en sectores desatendidos por los programas de salud. Estos
envenenamientos son causados, en su gran mayoría, por
especies de la familia Viperidae, especialmente del género
Bothrops. Existe un conglomerado de laboratorios públicos
y privados productores de antivenenos en la región, aunque
en algunos casos la producción no satisface las necesidades
de algunos países, por lo que los antivenenos deben
ser importados de países vecinos. Las investigaciones
científicas y tecnológicas efectuadas en América Latina
han generado un gran bagaje de conocimiento sobre las
serpientes y sus venenos, así como sobre la clínica de
los envenenamientos y el perfil de eficacia y seguridad
de los antivenenos, a niveles preclínico y clínico. Pese
a los indudables logros obtenidos en el manejo de esta
enfermedad en la región, se debe redoblar esfuerzos para
garantizar: (a) un mejor conocimiento de los venenos y
sus efectos; (b) una visión más realista de la incidencia de
estos envenenamientos; (c) un mejoramiento cualitativo y
cuantitativo en la producción de antivenenos; (d) un mejor
control de calidad de los antivenenos que se importan en
algunos países; (e) una más adecuada distribución de los
antivenenos en la región, especialmente en zonas rurales
de alta incidencia de envenenamientos; (f) una mayor
capacitación del personal de salud en el tratamiento de
estos envenenamientos, incluyendo el correcto uso de
antivenenos; (g) un seguimiento y atención a las personas
que han sufrido secuelas como producto de estos accidentes;
y (h) programas comunitarios de prevención y atención de
esta patología. Estas tareas deben ser enfrentadas con
una filosofía de equidad, solidaridad y cooperación en la
región, con la participación de múltiples protagonistas a muy
diversos niveles.
The public health problem of envenomings induced by snakebites in Latin America and the Caribbean is analyzed in this work. This pathology affects predominantly the rural population and has a high impact on regions where the provision of health services is insufficient. The majority of envenomings are inflicted by species of the genera Bothrops and Crotalus, classified in the family Viperidae. There are several laboratories in the region which manufacture antivenoms for the treatment of these envenomings, although the volume of production in some cases does not fulfill the national demand and, consequently, antivenoms have to be imported. A significant body of knowledge has been gained in the taxonomy of the snakes and the biochemistry, toxicology and immunology of venoms, as well as in the preclinical and clinical performance of antivenoms. Despite significant advances in the control of this neglected tropical disease in Latin America, there are pending tasks in the region, such as: (a) To improve our knowledge on snakes and their venoms; (b) to assess the actual incidence and mortality of snakebite envenomings; (c) to increase the volume of antivenom produced and, in some cases, to improve the quality of antivenoms; (d) to improve the national quality control laboratories; (e) to develop more effective strategies of distribution of antivenoms, especially to remote rural areas where snakebites are frequent; (f) to foster permanent education programs for the health staff in charge of the treatment of these envenomings; (g) to follow up and provide support to people that suffer physical or psychological sequelae as a consequence of these envenomings; and (h) to strengthen community programs aimed at improving the prevention and adequate management of snakebites. This conglomerate of tasks should be approached with a philosophy of solidarity, integration and cooperation in the region, with the involvement of multiple actors and institutions.
The public health problem of envenomings induced by snakebites in Latin America and the Caribbean is analyzed in this work. This pathology affects predominantly the rural population and has a high impact on regions where the provision of health services is insufficient. The majority of envenomings are inflicted by species of the genera Bothrops and Crotalus, classified in the family Viperidae. There are several laboratories in the region which manufacture antivenoms for the treatment of these envenomings, although the volume of production in some cases does not fulfill the national demand and, consequently, antivenoms have to be imported. A significant body of knowledge has been gained in the taxonomy of the snakes and the biochemistry, toxicology and immunology of venoms, as well as in the preclinical and clinical performance of antivenoms. Despite significant advances in the control of this neglected tropical disease in Latin America, there are pending tasks in the region, such as: (a) To improve our knowledge on snakes and their venoms; (b) to assess the actual incidence and mortality of snakebite envenomings; (c) to increase the volume of antivenom produced and, in some cases, to improve the quality of antivenoms; (d) to improve the national quality control laboratories; (e) to develop more effective strategies of distribution of antivenoms, especially to remote rural areas where snakebites are frequent; (f) to foster permanent education programs for the health staff in charge of the treatment of these envenomings; (g) to follow up and provide support to people that suffer physical or psychological sequelae as a consequence of these envenomings; and (h) to strengthen community programs aimed at improving the prevention and adequate management of snakebites. This conglomerate of tasks should be approached with a philosophy of solidarity, integration and cooperation in the region, with the involvement of multiple actors and institutions.
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Keywords
Envenenamientos, Mordeduras de serpiente, América Latina y el Caribe, Prevención, Capacitación, Investigación, Antivenenos, Snake venom