Estimación de la ocurrencia del ave migratoria Hylocichla Mustelina (Turdidae), en el Caribe Norte del área de conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
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Las aves migratorias neotropicales son vulnerables a la pérdida de hábitat y a las condiciones climáticas cambiantes en sus sitios no reproductivos. Los cambios ambientales pueden alterar los patrones de ocurrencia, especialmente en especies con poblaciones en declive, como Hylocichla mustelina. Dada su preferencia por las áreas boscosas y condiciones más húmedas, planteamos la hipótesis de que (1) la complejidad estructural del bosque y (2) la precipitación influye en la ocurrencia de H. mustelina en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. Una mayor heterogeneidad estructural del bosque puede proporcionar más recursos, mientras que la precipitación media modula las condiciones microclimáticas y la disponibilidad de alimento. Para estimar la ocurrencia de H. mustelina, muestreamos 12 sitios que abarcan bosques secos, húmedos y nubosos a lo largo de gradientes altitudinales y de precipitación en el ACG. Nuestro muestreo se realizó en dos temporadas: Diciembre 2022–Febrero 2023 y Octubre–Noviembre 2023. En cada sitio, colocamos unidades de grabación autónomas en 6 estaciones, registrando diariamente de 0500 a 0730 durante 4 días consecutivos. La estructura del bosque se midió en cada estación (apertura del dosel, índice de área foliar, área basal, cobertura del sotobosque y abundancia de palmas). Los datos de precipitación se obtuvieron del ACG. Aplicamos modelos de ocupación simple para cada temporada. Hylocichla mustelina fue detectada en 47 estaciones a lo largo de 11 sitios, en 125 días de grabación. La ocurrencia se asoció positivamente con una mayor precipitación, lo que respalda la idea de una preferencia por condiciones más húmedas dentro de un paisaje de bosque continuo. En contraste, las diferencias en la estructura del bosque no explicaron la ocurrencia, probablemente debido a la baja variabilidad entre los sitios, los cuales presentaban doseles cerrados y vegetación de sotobosque densa. Esta asociación con hábitats más húmedos probablemente refleja una mayor disponibilidad de insectos en estos entornos. Bajo futuros escenarios de cambio climático, la contracción de los bosques húmedos y la disponibilidad de presas asociadas podrían limitar cada vez más las poblaciones de H. mustelina. Estos resultados confirman que las áreas protegidas y los bosques continuos en los sitios de invernada son cruciales para conservar hábitats esenciales para H. mustelina y otras especies de aves migratorias y residentes dependientes del bosque.
Neotropical migratory birds are vulnerable to habitat loss and changing climatic conditions in their nonbreeding grounds. Environmental changes can alter occupancy patterns, especially for species with declining populations, such as the Hylocichla mustelina (Wood Thrush). Given its preference for forested areas and wetter conditions, we hypothesized that (1) forest structural complexity and (2) precipitation influence H. mustelina occupancy in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. Greater forest structural heterogeneity may support more resources, while mean precipitation modulates microclimatic conditions and food availability. To estimate H. mustelina occupancy, we surveyed 12 sites spanning dry, wet, and cloud forests along elevational and precipitation gradients in ACG. Our sampling spanned 2 seasons: December 2022–February 2023 and October–November 2023. At each site, we deployed autonomous recording units at 6 stations, recording daily from 0500 to 0730 for 4 consecutive days. Forest structure was measured at each station (canopy openness, leaf area index, basal area, understory cover, and palm abundance). Precipitation data were obtained from ACG. We applied single-occupancy models for each season. Hylocichla mustelina was detected at 47 stations across 11 sites, over 125 recording days. Occupancy was positively associated with higher precipitation, supporting the idea of a preference for wetter conditions within a continuous forest landscape. In contrast, differences in forest structure did not explain occupancy, likely due to low variability across sites, all of which featured closed canopies and dense understory vegetation. These association with wetter habitats likely reflects greater insect availability in these environments. Under future climate change scenarios, the contraction of wet forest habitats and associated prey availability could increasingly constrain H. mustelina populations. These findings confirm that protected areas and continuous forests at wintering grounds are crucial for conserving essential habitats for H. mustelina and other migratory and resident forest-dependent bird species.
Neotropical migratory birds are vulnerable to habitat loss and changing climatic conditions in their nonbreeding grounds. Environmental changes can alter occupancy patterns, especially for species with declining populations, such as the Hylocichla mustelina (Wood Thrush). Given its preference for forested areas and wetter conditions, we hypothesized that (1) forest structural complexity and (2) precipitation influence H. mustelina occupancy in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. Greater forest structural heterogeneity may support more resources, while mean precipitation modulates microclimatic conditions and food availability. To estimate H. mustelina occupancy, we surveyed 12 sites spanning dry, wet, and cloud forests along elevational and precipitation gradients in ACG. Our sampling spanned 2 seasons: December 2022–February 2023 and October–November 2023. At each site, we deployed autonomous recording units at 6 stations, recording daily from 0500 to 0730 for 4 consecutive days. Forest structure was measured at each station (canopy openness, leaf area index, basal area, understory cover, and palm abundance). Precipitation data were obtained from ACG. We applied single-occupancy models for each season. Hylocichla mustelina was detected at 47 stations across 11 sites, over 125 recording days. Occupancy was positively associated with higher precipitation, supporting the idea of a preference for wetter conditions within a continuous forest landscape. In contrast, differences in forest structure did not explain occupancy, likely due to low variability across sites, all of which featured closed canopies and dense understory vegetation. These association with wetter habitats likely reflects greater insect availability in these environments. Under future climate change scenarios, the contraction of wet forest habitats and associated prey availability could increasingly constrain H. mustelina populations. These findings confirm that protected areas and continuous forests at wintering grounds are crucial for conserving essential habitats for H. mustelina and other migratory and resident forest-dependent bird species.
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Aves migratorias, Migración animal, Hylocichla mustelina, Hábitat, Conservación de la fauna silvestre, Costa Rica — Área de Conservación Guanacaste