Descripción de cambios fisiológicos relacionados con vías autofágicas en células endoteliales durante su interacción con diversos estímulos producidos por Plasmodium berghei
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Abstract
Este estudio estableció y validó un sistema integrado in vitro para investigar la biología de la fase sanguínea de Plasmodium berghei, con tres objetivos principales: definir las condiciones óptimas de cultivo para los parásitos, caracterizar las vesículas extracelulares (EVs) producidas bajo estas condiciones y evaluar el impacto de estímulos derivados del parásito sobre la autofagia endotelial.
Las condiciones de cultivo a corto plazo para P. berghei fueron optimizadas exitosamente mediante el uso de un medio libre de suero y rico en nutrientes, incubación a 35 °C y una atmósfera microaerofílica controlada. Bajo estas condiciones, los parásitos mantuvieron su viabilidad, morfología normal y desarrollo asexual durante aproximadamente cuatro días, preservando además su infectividad in vivo. Las principales limitaciones para el cultivo prolongado estuvieron asociadas con el requerimiento de reticulocitos y la rápida pérdida de la capacidad de reinvasión de los merozoítos in vitro.
Por primera vez, se realizó una caracterización biofísica y proteómica integral de EVs derivadas de P. berghei. La población vesicular aislada fue heterogénea, con un tamaño promedio de aproximadamente 100 nm y propiedades fisicoquímicas comparables con EVs pequeñas. El análisis proteómico identificó proteínas de origen parasitario y del hospedero, con una carga dominada por proteínas citosólicas solubles involucradas en rutas metabólicas centrales, síntesis y recambio proteico. La detección de proteínas asociadas a virulencia y proteínas moonlighting respalda un papel de las EVs en la extensión de las interacciones parásito-hospedero más allá de los eritrocitos infectados (iRBCs). Asimismo, la detección de una proteína relacionada con el homólogo de VPS del sistema ESCRT proporciona un soporte mecanístico inicial para la producción de EVs en Plasmodium.
Se generaron y validaron líneas endoteliales tEnd.1 genéticamente modificadas que expresan reporteros fluorescentes de LC3 para el monitoreo de la actividad autofágica. Utilizando estos modelos, la exposición a estímulos derivados de P. berghei, incluidos iRBCs, EVs y sobrenadantes condicionados del parásito, resultó consistentemente en una alteración del flujo autofágico. Esta alteración se caracterizó por la acumulación de autofagosomas acompañada de una reducción en la formación de autolisosomas y presentó dinámicas temporales dependientes del tipo de estímulo.
Desde el punto de vista mecanístico, estos efectos son coherentes con la convergencia de estrés dependiente de adhesión, señalización inflamatoria y disfunción lisosomal, lo que finalmente conduce a la alteración de la fusión autofagosoma-lisosoma y de la capacidad degradativa.
En conjunto, este trabajo proporciona un marco integrado que vincula la optimización del cultivo parasitario, la caracterización de EVs y las respuestas autofágicas endoteliales. Además, amplía la comprensión de la biología de las EVs en modelos de malaria murina y establece la modulación vesicular de la homeostasis endotelial como un nuevo eje de interacción hospedero-patógeno, ofreciendo una base para futuras investigaciones sobre la patogénesis de la malaria.
This study established and validated an integrated in vitro system to investigate Plasmodium berghei blood stage biology, with three main objectives: to define optimal culture conditions for blood-stage parasites, to characterize extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced under these conditions, and to evaluate the impact of parasite-derived stimuli on endothelial autophagy. Short-term culture conditions for P. berghei were successfully optimized using a serum-free, nutrient-rich medium, incubation at 35 °C, and a controlled microaerophilic atmosphere. Under these conditions, parasites maintained viability, normal morphology, and asexual development for approximately four days while preserving infectivity in vivo. Limitations to prolonged culture were mainly associated with the requirement for fresh reticulocytes and the rapid loss of merozoite reinvasion capacity in vitro. A comprehensive biophysical and proteomic characterization of P. berghei-derived EVs was performed for the first time. The isolated vesicle population was heterogeneous, with an average size of approximately 100 nm and physicochemical properties consistent with small EVs. Proteomic analysis identified parasite- and host-derived proteins enriched in the EV fraction, with cargo dominated by soluble cytosolic proteins involved in central metabolic pathways, protein synthesis, and turnover. The detection of virulence-associated and moonlighting proteins supports a role for EVs in extending parasite-host interactions beyond infected red blood cells (iRBCs). The detection of an ESCRT-related VPS homolog provides initial mechanistic support for conserved vesicle formation pathways in Plasmodium. Genetically modified tEnd.1 endothelial cell lines expressing fluorescent LC3 reporters were generated and validated to monitor autophagic activity. Using these models, exposure to parasite-derived stimuli, including iRBCs, EVs, and parasite-conditioned supernatants, consistently resulted in impaired autophagic flux. This impairment was characterized by autophagosome accumulation accompanied by reduced autolysosome formation and displayed stimulus-dependent temporal dynamics. Mechanistically, these effects are consistent with a convergence of adhesion-dependent stress, inflammatory signaling, and lysosomal dysfunction, ultimately disrupting autophagosome-lysosome fusion and degradative capacity. In conclusion, this work provides an integrated framework linking parasite culture optimization, EV characterization, and endothelial autophagic responses. It advances the understanding of EV biology in rodent malaria models and establishes vesicle-mediated modulation of endothelial homeostasis as a novel axis of host-pathogen interaction, offering a foundation for future studies on malaria pathogenesis.
This study established and validated an integrated in vitro system to investigate Plasmodium berghei blood stage biology, with three main objectives: to define optimal culture conditions for blood-stage parasites, to characterize extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced under these conditions, and to evaluate the impact of parasite-derived stimuli on endothelial autophagy. Short-term culture conditions for P. berghei were successfully optimized using a serum-free, nutrient-rich medium, incubation at 35 °C, and a controlled microaerophilic atmosphere. Under these conditions, parasites maintained viability, normal morphology, and asexual development for approximately four days while preserving infectivity in vivo. Limitations to prolonged culture were mainly associated with the requirement for fresh reticulocytes and the rapid loss of merozoite reinvasion capacity in vitro. A comprehensive biophysical and proteomic characterization of P. berghei-derived EVs was performed for the first time. The isolated vesicle population was heterogeneous, with an average size of approximately 100 nm and physicochemical properties consistent with small EVs. Proteomic analysis identified parasite- and host-derived proteins enriched in the EV fraction, with cargo dominated by soluble cytosolic proteins involved in central metabolic pathways, protein synthesis, and turnover. The detection of virulence-associated and moonlighting proteins supports a role for EVs in extending parasite-host interactions beyond infected red blood cells (iRBCs). The detection of an ESCRT-related VPS homolog provides initial mechanistic support for conserved vesicle formation pathways in Plasmodium. Genetically modified tEnd.1 endothelial cell lines expressing fluorescent LC3 reporters were generated and validated to monitor autophagic activity. Using these models, exposure to parasite-derived stimuli, including iRBCs, EVs, and parasite-conditioned supernatants, consistently resulted in impaired autophagic flux. This impairment was characterized by autophagosome accumulation accompanied by reduced autolysosome formation and displayed stimulus-dependent temporal dynamics. Mechanistically, these effects are consistent with a convergence of adhesion-dependent stress, inflammatory signaling, and lysosomal dysfunction, ultimately disrupting autophagosome-lysosome fusion and degradative capacity. In conclusion, this work provides an integrated framework linking parasite culture optimization, EV characterization, and endothelial autophagic responses. It advances the understanding of EV biology in rodent malaria models and establishes vesicle-mediated modulation of endothelial homeostasis as a novel axis of host-pathogen interaction, offering a foundation for future studies on malaria pathogenesis.
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malaria, autofagia, endotelio, Plasmodium berghei, vesículas extracelulares