Propagación de sequías hidrológicas en acuíferos costeros del Pacífico Norte, provincia Guanacaste, Costa Rica
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González Artavia, Mariel Celeste
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Abstract
La presente investigación tiene como finalidad describir la propagación de sequías hidrológicas en los acuíferos Panamá, Coco y Sardinal, en la Península de Nicoya, a partir de los niveles de agua subterránea y datos meteorológicos; así como evaluar la implementación de índices de sequía como herramienta para la descripción de sequías hidrológicas.
La sequía es el estado de desviación desde lo normal, de cualquiera de los componentes del ciclo hidrológico (Quesada-Montano, 2017). Se denomina sequía meteorológica al déficit de precipitación y sequía hidrológica a la disponibilidad de agua subterránea por debajo de lo normal (Van Loon y otros, 2016), mientras que la propagación es el proceso que ocurre desde a sequía meteorológica hasta la sequía hidrológica y es influenciada por las propiedades de captura como geología y cobertura del suelo.
Los 3 acuíferos en estudio corresponden con acuíferos aluviales del Cuaternario, constituidos por arenas, gravas y limos de diferente granulometría y con valores de transmisibilidad de distintos ordenes dentro del mismo acuífero.
Los datos meteorológicos se registraron en la estación ASADA Artola en Sardinal, con un registro desde el 2017 al 2022. Los años de menor precipitación en el registro y que son de mayor interés para evaluar la presencia de sequías corresponden con el 2018 y 2019. La estación seca ocurre entre diciembre y marzo y se caracteriza por presentar una precipitación cercana a 0 mm.
Los datos del nivel del agua subterránea se tomaron del monitoreo manual y automatizado del proyecto SIMASTIR de la DA. El monitoreo automatizado de los pozos cuenta con datos del nivel del agua subterránea cada hora, los cuales se promediaron para obtener un dato diario, que se graficó respecto la precipitación diaria registrada en la estación ASADA Artola. Estos gráficos demostraron que la propagación desde la precipitación al nivel del agua subterránea en el acuífero se caracteriza por presentar una duración concordante con la estación lluviosa y seca; y consecuentemente la propagación de la estación seca tiene una frecuencia anual. Además, debido a que el descenso del nivel freático es inmediato luego del evento de mayor precipitación, la propagación de la estación seca en el nivel freático se considera con una retardación inmediata.
A partir del monitoreo del nivel manual del nivel del agua subterránea, se obtuvo una mediana mensual del nivel del agua subterránea para cada acuífero; estos niveles se graficaron respecto la precipitación, lo que permitió identificar las respuestas positivas y negativas en el acuífero. Las gráficas permitieron establecer una tipología de sequía correspondiente con la sequía entre la estación seca y lluviosa, que se caracteriza por presentar una retardación entre inmediata y 3 días, así como un alargamiento que se limita a la duración de la época seca; además, durante la estación lluviosa, eventos de precipitación por encima de los 100 mm de lluvias producirán respuestas positivas inmediatas, eventos de menor precipitación presentarán respuestas entre 3 y 24 días. También se concluye que la atenuación en el nivel freático es mayor conforme aumente el espesor de la zona no saturada.
En cuanto a los índices de sequía, para los datos meteorológicos se calcularon los índices SPI y SPEI, ambos demostraron una buena concordancia. También se calculó el índice RPI, que no concordó con los anteriores, puesto que la metodología difiere y se requiere una adecuación del sistema de categorización.
Para los datos del nivel de agua subterránea se calcularon los índices SGI y SWI. Los resultados exhibidos en las gráficas SGI para los acuíferos, concuerdan con los periodos secos establecidos en las gráficas SPI y SPEI. No obstante, el índice SWI presenta la mejor concordancia con las respuestas negativas del nivel freático, en cuanto a la profundidad del descenso y la duración.
En conclusión, los índices reflejaron las condiciones de sequía en la zona de estudio y como herramienta resultaron funcionales para señalar condiciones de sequía en los 3 acuíferos.
The purpose of this research is to describe the propagation of hydrological droughts in the Panama, Coco and Sardinal aquifers, in the Nicoya Peninsula, based on groundwater levels and meteorological data; as well as evaluate the implementation of drought indices as a tool for the description of hydrological droughts. Drought is the state of deviation from normal, of any of the components of the hydrological cycle (Quesada-Montano, 2017). The precipitation deficit is called meteorological drought and hydrological drought is the availability of groundwater below normal (Van Loon et al., 2016), while propagation is the process that occurs from meteorological drought to hydrological drought and is influenced by capture properties such as geology and ground cover. The 3 aquifers under study correspond to Quaternary alluvial aquifers, made up of sands, gravels and silts of different granulometry and with transmissibility values of different orders within the same aquifer. The meteorological data were recorded at the ASADA Artola station in Sardinal, with a record from 2017 to 2022. The years with the least precipitation in the record and that are of greatest interest to evaluate the presence of droughts correspond to 2018 and 2019. The dry season occurs between December and March and is characterized by precipitation close to 0 mm. Groundwater level data were taken from manual and automated monitoring of the DA's SIMASTIR project. The automated monitoring of the wells has groundwater level data every hour, which were averaged to obtain a daily data, which was graphed against the daily precipitation recorded at the ASADA Artola station. These graphs demonstrated that the propagation from precipitation to the groundwater level in the aquifer is characterized by presenting a duration consistent with the rainy and dry season; and consequently, the propagation of the dry season has an annual frequency. Furthermore, because the drop in the water table is immediate after the highest precipitation event, the propagation of the dry season in the water table is considered to have an immediate retardation. From manual level monitoring of the groundwater level, a monthly median groundwater level was obtained for each aquifer; These levels were graphed against precipitation, which made it possible to identify the positive and negative responses in the aquifer. The graphs allowed establishing a typology of drought corresponding to the drought between the dry and rainy season, which is characterized by presenting a delay between immediate and 3 days, as well as a lengthening that is limited to the duration of the dry season; In addition, during the rainy season, precipitation events above 100 mm of rain will produce immediate positive responses, events with lower precipitation will present responses between 3 and 24 days. It is also concluded that the attenuation in the water table is greater as the thickness of the unsaturated zone increases. Regarding the drought indices, the SPI and SPEI indices were calculated for the meteorological data, both demonstrated good agreement. The RPI index was also calculated, which did not agree with the previous ones, since the methodology differs and an adaptation of the categorization system is required. For the groundwater level data, the SGI and SWI indices were calculated. The results displayed in the SGI graphs for the aquifers agree with the dry periods established in the SPI and SPEI graphs. However, the SWI index presents the best agreement with the negative responses of the water table, in terms of the depth of the descent and the duration. In conclusion, the indices reflected the drought conditions in the study area and as a tool they were functional to indicate drought conditions in the 3 aquifers.
The purpose of this research is to describe the propagation of hydrological droughts in the Panama, Coco and Sardinal aquifers, in the Nicoya Peninsula, based on groundwater levels and meteorological data; as well as evaluate the implementation of drought indices as a tool for the description of hydrological droughts. Drought is the state of deviation from normal, of any of the components of the hydrological cycle (Quesada-Montano, 2017). The precipitation deficit is called meteorological drought and hydrological drought is the availability of groundwater below normal (Van Loon et al., 2016), while propagation is the process that occurs from meteorological drought to hydrological drought and is influenced by capture properties such as geology and ground cover. The 3 aquifers under study correspond to Quaternary alluvial aquifers, made up of sands, gravels and silts of different granulometry and with transmissibility values of different orders within the same aquifer. The meteorological data were recorded at the ASADA Artola station in Sardinal, with a record from 2017 to 2022. The years with the least precipitation in the record and that are of greatest interest to evaluate the presence of droughts correspond to 2018 and 2019. The dry season occurs between December and March and is characterized by precipitation close to 0 mm. Groundwater level data were taken from manual and automated monitoring of the DA's SIMASTIR project. The automated monitoring of the wells has groundwater level data every hour, which were averaged to obtain a daily data, which was graphed against the daily precipitation recorded at the ASADA Artola station. These graphs demonstrated that the propagation from precipitation to the groundwater level in the aquifer is characterized by presenting a duration consistent with the rainy and dry season; and consequently, the propagation of the dry season has an annual frequency. Furthermore, because the drop in the water table is immediate after the highest precipitation event, the propagation of the dry season in the water table is considered to have an immediate retardation. From manual level monitoring of the groundwater level, a monthly median groundwater level was obtained for each aquifer; These levels were graphed against precipitation, which made it possible to identify the positive and negative responses in the aquifer. The graphs allowed establishing a typology of drought corresponding to the drought between the dry and rainy season, which is characterized by presenting a delay between immediate and 3 days, as well as a lengthening that is limited to the duration of the dry season; In addition, during the rainy season, precipitation events above 100 mm of rain will produce immediate positive responses, events with lower precipitation will present responses between 3 and 24 days. It is also concluded that the attenuation in the water table is greater as the thickness of the unsaturated zone increases. Regarding the drought indices, the SPI and SPEI indices were calculated for the meteorological data, both demonstrated good agreement. The RPI index was also calculated, which did not agree with the previous ones, since the methodology differs and an adaptation of the categorization system is required. For the groundwater level data, the SGI and SWI indices were calculated. The results displayed in the SGI graphs for the aquifers agree with the dry periods established in the SPI and SPEI graphs. However, the SWI index presents the best agreement with the negative responses of the water table, in terms of the depth of the descent and the duration. In conclusion, the indices reflected the drought conditions in the study area and as a tool they were functional to indicate drought conditions in the 3 aquifers.
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Keywords
sequía hidrológica, índices de sequía, acuífero aluvial, acuífero costero