La situación de los antivenenos liofilizados en América Latina: Aspectos tecnológicos y de salud pública
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Gutiérrez, José María
Herrera Vega, María
León Montero, Guillermo
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Abstract
La administración parenteral de antivenenos constituye el elemento central en la terapia de los envenenamientos por
mordeduras o picaduras de animales ponzoñosos. En América Latina existen laboratorios productores de antivenenos
en Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela. La mayoría de
antivenenos producidos en la región son líquidos, aunque también se producen antivenenos liofi lizados en algunos
países. En el presente trabajo se analiza la producción de antivenenos liofi lizados en América Latina. La liofi lización
es un proceso mediante el cual se elimina el agua de una preparación líquida y tiene por objetivo incrementar la
estabilidad de sustancias farmacéuticas. El proceso consiste en tres etapas: congelamiento, secado primario (sublimación),
y secado secundario (desorción). Dado que la liofi lización genera estrés físico-químico en las proteínas, el
diseño del proceso debe efectuarse cuidadosamente y se deben tomar en cuenta diversos parámetros, entre los cuales
la formulación del producto (uso de excipientes) es fundamental. Los laboratorios productores deben efectuar estudios
de estabilidad de los antivenenos que se producen en la región. La decisión de en qué circunstancias se debe adquirir
y distribuir antivenenos liofi lizados o antivenenos líquidos debe basarse en un análisis riguroso de los patrones epidemiológicos
de las mordeduras de serpiente y la identifi cación de áreas de riesgo de estos accidentes, la distribución
de los servicios de salud, incluyendo la cadena de frío y otras consideraciones logísticas. Con base en dichos análisis
es posible determinar las necesidades de antivenenos líquidos y liofi lizados en determinadas regiones de cada país.
Palabras clave: Antivenenos, envenenamientos, liofi lización, cadena de frío.
Parenteral administration of antivenoms constitutes the mainstay in the therapy of envenomings resulting from the bites or stings of venomous animals. In Latin America, there are antivenom manufacturing laboratories in Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Perú, Uruguay and Venezuela. The majority of antivenoms manufactured in the region come in liquid presentations, although freeze-dried antivenoms are also produced in various countries. This work analyzes the production of freeze-dried antivenoms in Latin America. Freeze-drying (lyophilization) is a process which removes the water from a liquid preparation, thus incrementing its stability. It consists in three stages: freezing, primary drying (sublimation), and secondary drying (desorption). Since it induces physico-chemical stress to proteins, the design of the freeze-drying process has to be made carefully, taking into consideration various parameters, among which the inclusion of stabilizers is highly relevant. The manufacturing laboratories should establish the actual stability of their antivenoms. The decision on whether to produce and distribute freeze-dried or liquid antivenoms has to be based on a rigorous analysis of the epidemiology of snakebite envenomings, the identifi cation of regions having high risk of envenomings, the location of health facilities, and the situation of the cold chain system, among other logistic considerations. On the basis of such careful case-by case analysis, the actual needs of freeze-dried and liquid antivenoms can be determined. Key words: Antivenoms, envenomings, freeze-drying, cold chain.
Parenteral administration of antivenoms constitutes the mainstay in the therapy of envenomings resulting from the bites or stings of venomous animals. In Latin America, there are antivenom manufacturing laboratories in Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Perú, Uruguay and Venezuela. The majority of antivenoms manufactured in the region come in liquid presentations, although freeze-dried antivenoms are also produced in various countries. This work analyzes the production of freeze-dried antivenoms in Latin America. Freeze-drying (lyophilization) is a process which removes the water from a liquid preparation, thus incrementing its stability. It consists in three stages: freezing, primary drying (sublimation), and secondary drying (desorption). Since it induces physico-chemical stress to proteins, the design of the freeze-drying process has to be made carefully, taking into consideration various parameters, among which the inclusion of stabilizers is highly relevant. The manufacturing laboratories should establish the actual stability of their antivenoms. The decision on whether to produce and distribute freeze-dried or liquid antivenoms has to be based on a rigorous analysis of the epidemiology of snakebite envenomings, the identifi cation of regions having high risk of envenomings, the location of health facilities, and the situation of the cold chain system, among other logistic considerations. On the basis of such careful case-by case analysis, the actual needs of freeze-dried and liquid antivenoms can be determined. Key words: Antivenoms, envenomings, freeze-drying, cold chain.
Description
Páginas 106 a la 109.
Keywords
Antivenoms, Envenomings, Freeze-drying, Cold chain